Social marketing and sustainable tourism—is there a match?

As we approach the new millennium it is becoming increasingly apparent that we need to re‐evaluate our approach to tourism provision, promotion and consumption. Tourism marketing campaigns continue to be aimed at a broad range of visitor segments irrespective of the relative degree of sustainability that might be exhibited in each case. As this paper will argue, the tools and techniques of social marketing may therefore have much to offer tourism organisations seeking a more sustainable approach to their market. This conclusion is based on the findings of a survey of 540 visitors to the South West of England that revealed a link between key behavioural motivations and the degree of sustainability exhibited. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

试析性别差异对军费开支的影响

随着女性就业和参政议政的比率日益增加,国际关系学者关注的一个问题就是,这一趋势对于国际关系领域的安全与合作有何影响?为了检验女性主义理论,作者进行了统计分析,发现性别因素的影响随着研究对象的不同而发生变化。对于世界大国,其军费开支基本不受性别因素的影响;但对于世界大国以外的其他国家,军费开支则在较大程度上受到性别因素的影响。女性主义的结论适用于大国之外的这类国家,女性就业率和女性议员比率可以解释这类国家的军费变化。但是对于世界不同地区,其结论又有所不同。在中东地区、亚洲、欧洲和北美地区,各国军费占政府开支的比率与该地区女性议员比率成反比。而女性的经济地位则并非如此,在中东这一女性地位相对低的地区,女性就业率对地区军费变化并没有显著影响;而在亚洲、欧洲和北美地区,其女性地位居于中等或较高位置的地区,各国军费占政府开支的比率与该地区女性就业率成反比。在分析和借鉴女性主义理论时需要考虑不同的研究对象与适用条件。     

中国话语的议程设置效果研究——以中国外交部新闻发言人为例

通过对中国外交部新闻发言人话语以及发言人被西方媒体引用的话语这两套话语的实证研究,作者分析了当前中国话语在国际社会的议程设置效果。根据统计数据的分析,中方发言人的话语内容和西方媒体的引用内容之间存在着相关性,这表明中方发言人的话语内容可以为西方媒体设置议程。此外,中方发言人的话语态度与西方媒体引用的态度之间没有相关性,这表明中方发言人的话语态度不能为西方媒体设置议程。作者认为,要增强中国话语的传播效果,不仅需要在话语内容上关注说什么,更需要在话语态度上重视怎么说。     

The effect of sex antidiscriminatory legislation on the variability of female employment in Britain

This paper examines the variability of female employment in the 1970s. It is based on data from the New Earnings Survey so that the behaviour of employment in the manual–nonmanual and manufacturing–nonmanufacturing sectors can be studied separately. At an aggregate level the results are compared to those derived using data from the Department of Employment, to ensure that the results are not simply the product of possible sampling variation of the New Earnings Survey. The findings of this paper, though far from conclusive, indicate that female employment vis-à-vismale employment became more stable after 1976. There may be many reasons for the decrease in relative variability of female employment in the second half of the 1970s; however, the way our sample is split coincides with the implementation of the Equal Pay Act and the Sex Discrimination Act which have become effective since 1976.