“三招救矿”侧记——访湖南澧县球山煤矿矿长杨自仿

1996年6月底,湖南澧县方石砰镇球山煤矿传出喜讯:自矿长杨自仿就任半年来,该矿原煤生产超历史最高水平。安全费用及安全事故直线下降,非生产性开支控制到了建矿以来最低点。半年实现产值700万元,利税86万元,分别比上年同期增长了39％和31％。尤为突出的是,一直居高不下的招待应酬费大幅度下降,今年上半年,该矿各类非生产性开支比去年同期减少一半,直接生产成本也比去年同期节约了10多万元。如此辉煌的成绩,源于何方?这就是杨自仿三招     

Households,history and black urbanisation: response to Graaff

A critique of a recent article by J. F. de V. Graaff concerning urbanization of blacks in South Africa is presented. A reply by Graaff (pp. 402-4) is included.     

The environment for development

This overview of the World Bank 1992 World Development Report reveals some of the means to close the gap between policy and practice in linking environmental and development policy. The nature of the problem is defined and win-win policies which show mutual support for environment and development concerns are differentiated from negative links. Sound environmental management can be achieved with improved information, enhancing institutional arrangements, and involving local people. The rapid implementation of policies and programs will involve both political and financial costs and a shift in policies and priorities. The challenges ahead are tremendous and include overcoming poverty and turning population growth and environmental pollution around. World consumption of energy and manufactured goods is expected to triple; without curbs on emissions, mortality increases, water shortages, and forest and natural habitat loss will ensue. It is not entirely true that economic activity hurts the environment when positive forces of substitution, technological innovation, and structural change outweigh the negative consequences. Environmental consequences change with income levels. Some problems decline with income increases. Some problems deteriorate temporarily and then improve as incomes rise, i.e., air and water pollution and some types of deforestation and habitat dislocation. Some problems continue to grow with income increases, such as carbon and nitrogen oxide emissions. Win-win policies are ones that foster and end to excessive resource use, clarify property rights and stop open access to land, accelerate education and family planning programs, accelerate agricultural extension and research, and invest in sanitation and water supply. These policies will not sacrifice economic growth. Tradeoffs must be identified and costs and benefits of alternative policies assessed; priorities and standards must be established in consort with costs and benefits. Behavior change can be achieved with properly designed practical and cost-effective policies.     

Combining health education, risk-rated insurance and employee rebates into an integrated health care cost management strategy

Health education, risk rating and employee rebates can be combined into a comprehensive health promotion program within a benefits plan, reflecting health promotion in its truest sense.     

The Harris-Todaro model and economies of scale

The authors attempt to reanalyze the Harris-Todaro migration model in the presence of economies of scale in the manufacturing sector, focusing on economies of scale that are external to a given firm but internal to the industry.     

企业资金链断裂防范研究

目前,资金链断裂已经成为企业生存的一大隐患,资金安全问题在企业财务管理中越来越体现出其重要性。本文首先对资金链进行了定义,从安全、轻微不安全和严重不安全三个层次分析了企业资金的安全状况,然后进一步分析了造成资金链断裂的原因,最后提出了几点防范资金链断裂的具体措施。