Does Wage Rank Affect Employees’ Well‐being?

How do workers make wage comparisons? Both an experimental study and an analysis of 16,000 British employees are reported. Satisfaction and well‐being levels are shown to depend on more than simple relative pay. They depend upon the ordinal rank of an individual's wage within a comparison group. “Rank” itself thus seems to matter to human beings. Moreover, consistent with psychological theory, quits in a workplace are correlated with pay distribution skewness.     

Accounting for Forward Rates in Markets for Foreign Currency

Forward and spot exchange rates between major currencies imply large standard deviations of both predictable returns from currency speculation and of the equilibrium price measure (the intertemporal marginal rate of substitution). Representative agent theory with time-additive preferences cannot account for either of these properties. We show that the theory does considerably better along these dimensions when the representative agent's preferences exhibit habit persistence, but that the theory fails to reproduce some of the other properties of the data—in particular, the strong autocorrelation of forward premiums.     

Survival

Empirical analysis of rates of return in finance implicitly condition on the security surviving into the sample. We investigate the implications of such conditioning on the time series of rates of return. In general this conditioning induces a spurious relationship between observed return and total risk for those securities that survive to be included in the sample. This result has immediate implications for the equity premium puzzle. We show how these results apply to other outstanding problems of empirical finance. Long-term autocorrelation studies focus on the statistical relation between successive holding period returns, where the holding period is of possibly extensive duration. If the equity market survives, then we find that average return in the beginning is higher than average return near the end of the time period. For this reason, statistical measures of long-term dependence are typically biased towards the rejection of a random walk. The result also has implications for event studies. There is a strong association between the magnitude of an earnings announcement and the postannouncement performance of the equity. This might be explained in part as an artefact of the stock price performance of firms in financial distress that survive an earnings announcement. The final example considers stock split studies. In this analysis we implicitly exclude securities whose price on announcement is less than the prior average stock price. We apply our results to this case, and find that the condition that the security forms part of our positive stock split sample suffices to explain the upward trend in event-related cumulated excess return in the preannouncement period.     

Strategic Jobs and Wage Structure in the Steel Industry: 1910–1930

The concept of strategic occupations is used to explain individualistic bargaining power during the nonunion era of the U.S. steel industry. It is hypothesized that integrative technical change homogenized the wage structure, but job categories associated with strategic work resisted this pattern. The results show that the degree of wage homogenization corresponded to the degree of technical diffusion in given steel industry departments. Moreover, strategic job categories did resist the pattern of wage homogenization.     

Aggregate efficiency measures and Simpson's Paradox*

Abstract. Much work has been directed to develop aggregate efficiency measures for firms or decision-making units (DMUs) in which we are able to observe only the outputs and inputs. Assuming that each DMU has the same type of observed outputs and inputs and using only this information, Farrell's technical efficiency and the CCR ratio can be used to assign an aggregate measure of efficiency to each DMU, which can then be used to compare the efficiency of the DMUs. This paper considers a subset of the general aggregate efficiency problem called the matched output/input case in which each output is matched to exactly one input, forming a subunit. Dividing the output by the input for each subunit within a DMU yields a subunit ratio that is the output per unit input. For a particular subunit, the subunit ratios for two DMUs can be compared directly. If all the subunit ratios of one DMU exceed the corresponding subunit ratios in another DMU, then we should reasonably expect that any aggregate efficiency measure has the efficiency of the first DMU greater than the efficiency of the other DMU. This requirement is defined as the Matched Output/Input Axiom, which is then shown to be violated for certain data sets satisfying Simpson's Paradox. Both Farrell's technical efficiency and the CCR ratio are then shown to violate the Matched Output/Input Axiom, which raises questions about the overall validity of both procedures. Résumé. Les travaux visant l'élaboration de mesures globales du rendement des unités décisionnelles ou des entreprises, dans lesquelles il n'est possible d'observer que les extrants et les intrants, sont nombreux. En supposant que le même type d'extrants et d'intrants est observé pour chaque unité décisionnelle et que cette information est la seule qui soit utilisée, le rendement technique de Farrell et le ratio CCR (Charnes, Cooper et Rhodes) peuvent être utilisés pour attribuer une mesure globale de rendement à chaque unité décisionnelle, mesure qui peut ensuite permettre de comparer le rendement des différentes unités. Les auteurs étudient un sous-ensemble du problème général de rendement global, le cas de concordance extrant-intrant, dans lequel chaque extrant est associé à exactement un intrant, pour former un sous-ensemble. En divisant l'extrant par l'intrant pour chaque sous-ensemble d'une unité décisionnelle, on obtient, pour chacun d'eux, un ratio représentant l'extrant par unité d'intrant. Pour un sous-ensemble particulier, les ratios de deux unités décisionnelles peuvent faire l'objet d'une comparaison directe. Si la totalité des ratios des sous-ensembles d'une unité décisionnelle excède la totalité des ratios des sous-ensembles correspondants d'une autre unité décisionnelle, on est en droit de s'attendre à ce que l'application d'une mesure globale du rendement, quelle qu'elle soit, indique que le rendement de la première unité est supérieur à celui de la seconde. Les auteurs démontrent que ce principe, défini comme étant l'axiome de concordance extrant-intrant, est transgressé pour certains ensembles de données répondant aux critères du paradoxe de Simpson. Ils démontrent également que le rendement technique de Farrell ainsi que le ratio CCR dérogent à l'axiome de concordance extrant-intrant, ce qui les amène à s'interroger sur la validité globale des deux procédés.