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101.
Measurements of utility functions over life years provide useful information for decision making in the health care field. However, biases in the assessment procedures of utility functions is a well-known and documented phenomenon. In this paper we investigate possible biases in the assessment of utility functions when two different methods (direct and indirect assessment) are used. More specifically, we examine the estimation of utility functions over different lengths of life. The main findings, obtained from an empirical investigation in which the two assessment techniques were applied to a sample of students, are: (a) the use of the different methods does not lead to significant differences in the utility evaluation from a social point of view (health program evaluation); (b) the use of the different methods does lead to significant differences in the utility evaluation from an individual point of view (clinical decision making); (c) in both methods risk aversion was found to be common for shorter periods of time while risk prone behavior, when it exists, was found mainly for longer periods of time. 相似文献
102.
Governments use a range of instruments to influence television content. The paper finds that under plausible conditions, content
measures ostensibly designed to increase the production of certain programs may, paradoxically, reduce the size of the audience
watching them. As well, quotas seemingly intended to boost the audience of certain programs, may in fact reduce their production
and lower the number of viewers of these programs.
相似文献
103.
Using data envelopment analysis to evaluate efficiency in the economic performance of Chinese cities 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
This paper studies the use of DEA (data envelopment analysis) as a tool for possible use in evaluating and planning the economic performance of China's cities (28 in all) which play a critical role in the government's program of economic development. DEA promises advantages which include the absence of any need for the assignment of weights on an a priori basis (to reflect the supposed relative importance of various outputs or inputs) when evaluating technical efficiency. It is also unnecessary to explicitly specify underlying functions that are intended to prescribe the analytical form of the relations between inputs and outputs. Finally, as is illustrated in the paper, DEA can be used to identify sources, and estimate amounts of inefficiencies in each city's performance as well as to identify returns-to-scale possibilities in ways that seem well-suited to the mixture of centralized and decentralized planning and performance that China is currently trying to use. 相似文献
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105.
Min-Ming Wen H. J. Abraham Lin Patricia H. Born Charles Yang Chun Wang 《North American actuarial journal : NAAJ》2018,22(2):309-322
This study proposes and demonstrates a dynamic factor model that can be empirically carried out by the utilization of a factor-augmented autoregressive technique to explain and forecast the time-varying patterns of cash flows of insurance companies in the United States. A principal component approach is employed in the Factor-Augmented Autoregressive Model (FAARM) to capture the augmented factors that are to be utilized for forecasting. We describe the cash flow statistical model by a dimension-reduction technique that can depict the dynamic patterns of the cash flows of insurance firms and then measure the FAARM model. Results from the first step (principal component analysis) help capture the macroeconomic variables and the variables pertaining to insurance companies' cash flows, namely, cash flows from investment, underwriting, and risk management activities. Results from the second step offer evidence supporting that the FAARM improves the out-of-sample forecasting accuracy assessed by a forecasted root-mean-squared error (FRMSE). This article presents a set of feasible FAAR models from which an insurance firm can choose one that can be a better fit to the firm corresponding to its specific firm characteristics, such as firm size. Consequently, the chosen FAARM(s) can improve the accuracy of cash flow forecasting and thus can help insurers to manage risk via cash-flow–matching techniques. 相似文献
106.
Key provisions within healthcare reform will likely further increase the cost of employer‐sponsored insurance. Theory suggests that workers pay for their health insurance through a wage offset. We investigate this issue using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. GMM estimates aimed at correcting for endogenous worker mobility reveal evidence of a trade‐off for workers who are offered health insurance as the only fringe benefit. On the other hand, employees in establishments with a more comprehensive set of benefits enjoy higher wages relative to employees in establishments that offer no benefits. Health also affects the wage–health insurance trade‐off. 相似文献
107.
Organizational resilience is a subject of great interest to management and strategy scholars. Drawing on over 1,000 years of historical data on the Republic of Rome, and focusing primarily on the period of its establishment (509 BC–338 BC), we identify two generic strategies, capture and governance, that together are essential for organizational resilience. Capture strategy relates to market expansions, while governance strategy refers to the capacity of an organization to assimilate, retain, defend, and increase its dominance within annexed markets. The history of Rome also reveals four supporting tactics—saving power, maintaining a stronghold base, isolating and weakening adversaries, and creating forward outposts—that shore up and reinforce the capture and governance strategies, to create a more enduring and resilient enterprise. Interestingly, a system‐wide view of the strategy‐tactic framework also offers insights on resilience through smallness, thus illustrating its conceptual utility to organizations of all sizes including small enterprises. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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This paper investigates the design of privatization mechanisms in emerging market economies characterized by political constraints that limit the set of viable privatization options. Our objective is to explain the striking diversity of mechanisms observed in practice and the frequent use of an apparently sub-optimal privatization mechanism: private negotiations. 相似文献