Perceptions of the ethicality of favors at work in Asia: An 11-society assessment

We explore macro-level factors that shape perceptions of the ethicality of favors in Asian workplaces using the subordinate influence ethics (SIE) measure. We also expand and use the crossvergence model to examine the cross-level relationship between socio-cultural (i.e., traditional/secular; survival/self-expression; in-group favoritism) and business ideology influences (i.e., human development level, control of corruption) on perceptions of favor-seeking at work. This study examines the perceptions of a total of 4,325 managers and professionals in a diverse set of 11 Asian societies: China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Our investigation focuses on both the “softer” (image management) and “harder” (self-serving) sides of subordinate influence attempts to seek favors, as well as the degree of ethical differentiation across these societies. Key results based on hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) suggest that both the World Value Survey’s socio-cultural values as well as in-group favoritism contribute to our understanding of influence behaviors in Asia. Likewise, level of human development and control of corruption also appear to be promising predictors of influence ethics. In sum, our results suggest that widening the scope of the crossvergence conceptualization of socio-cultural and business ideology influences engender a better understanding of differences in attitudes toward subordinate use of favoritism across Asian societies.     

A Dynamic Analysis of the Demand for Life Insurance

Prior research suggests that neither the choice to own life insurance nor the amount purchased is consistently related to the presence of children in the household. While these perplexing findings are based on a static framework, we alternatively examine life insurance demand in a dynamic framework as a function of changes in household life cycle and financial condition. Our results indicate both a statistically and economically significant relation between life events, such as new parenthood, and the demand for life insurance. We also provide new evidence in support of the emergency fund hypothesis: households in which either spouse has become unemployed are more likely than other households to surrender their whole life insurance.     

Effects of Corporate Diversification: Evidence From the Property–Liability Insurance Industry

Using a sample of property–liability insurers over the period 1995–2004, we develop and test a model that explains performance as a function of line‐of‐business diversification and other correlates. Our results indicate that undiversified insurers consistently outperform diversified insurers. In terms of accounting performance, we find a diversification penalty of at least 1 percent of return on assets or 2 percent of return on equity. These findings are robust to corrections for potential endogeneity bias, alternative risk measures, alternative diversification measures, and an alternative estimation technique. Using a market‐based performance measure (Tobin's Q) we find that the market applies a significant discount to diversified insurers. The existence of a diversification penalty (and diversification discount) provides strong support for the strategic focus hypothesis. We also find that insurance groups underperform unaffiliated insurers and that stock insurers outperform mutuals.     

The potential impact of abolishing company tax in Ciskei

The purpose of this paper is to examine the likely effect of the abolition of company tax on the Ciskeian economy. After considering the case for and against a corporate tax exemption, the issues involved are analysed on two levels. Using aggregate data, drawn from available census data, we find that most firms seem likely either to prefer the existing package of industrial concessions to the tax holiday, or to be indifferent to either option. Similarly, a recent survey of manufacturing enterprises in Ciskei indicated that the majority would prefer the incentive package. Firms that might be attracted by the tax‐free option are likely to be relatively profitable, subsidiaries of multinational companies, and enjoying a higher turnover per worker than firms opting for the incentive package.     

Do Cultural and Generational Cohorts Matter to Ideologies and Consumer Ethics? A Comparative Study of Australians,Indonesians, and Indonesian Migrants in Australia

We explore the notion that culture influences people’s values, and their subsequent ideologies and ethical behaviors. We present the idea that culture itself changes with time, and explore the influence of culture and generational markers on consumer ethics by examining differences in these ethical dimensions between Australians, Indonesians, and Indonesian Migrants in Australia, as well as differences between Generation X versus Generations Y and Z. The present study addresses the need to investigate the role that culture plays in consumer ethics, and the interaction between culture and generational attitudes in determining consumer ethics. Results established a distinct multiculturality in our three cultural samples, including a generational cohort differences. This suggests that culture and generational markers influence ethical beliefs, ideologies, and consumer ethics. It further indicates that Indonesian Migrants have acculturated to Australian society both in terms of their values and consumer behaviors, illustrating a crossvergence effect; scores indicate that these Migrants have the highest cultural intelligence among our samples. Implications of the findings for consumer ethics theory and practice are considered and future directions identified.     

Myopic Loss Aversion in Brazilian Open Retirement Funds

ABSTRACT

This paper analyzes the relationship between withdrawals from Brazilian open retirement funds, portfolio composition (fixed income or equity) and frequency of statement sending (monthly, quarterly, semiannually or annually). Our results indicate that equity retirement plans present a lower withdrawal index when compared to that of fixed income plans. Furthermore, the higher the statement sending frequency, the lower the withdrawals from open retirement plans. However, withdrawals from equity retirement plans tend to increase when statements are sent to investors more frequently. These phenomena can be explained by behaviorist theories, such as the concept of myopic loss aversion. In a context where loss aversion is present, the more frequently the investor evaluates his or her portfolio, or the shorter the investment horizon, the less attractive he or she will find investment in assets with a high rate of return and risk, such as equities. This behavior occurs not only regarding short-term investments, but also traditional long-term assets such as equity retirement plans.

RESUMEN. Este estudio analiza la relación existente entre las retiradas de los fondos abiertos de jubilación brasileños, la composición de la cartera (ingreso fijo o patrimonio), y la frecuencia del envío de estados financieros (mensual, trimestral, semestral o anualmente). Nuestros resultados indican que los planes de jubilación patrimonial tienen un índice de retirada menor, en comparación con los planes de ingreso fijo. Además, cuanto mayor la frecuencia de los estados financieros, menor es la retirada de los planes abiertos de jubilación. Sin embargo, las retiradas de los planes de jubilación patrimoniales tienden a aumentar cuando los estados se envían a los inversores con más frecuencia. Este fenómeno puede explicarse con las teorías comportamentales, tales como el concepto de la aversión miope a la pérdida. En un contexto donde la aversión a la pérdida es una realidad, cuanto mayor la frecuencia con que el inversor pueda evaluar su carera, o menor el horizonte de inversión, menos atractivas considerará él las inversiones en activos con un alto retorno y riesgo, tal como las acciones. Este comportamiento ocurre no sólo en las inversiones a corto plazo, sino también en los activos a largo plazo, como los planes de jubilación patrimoniales.

RESUMO. Este artigo analisa a relação entre as retiradas dos fundos abertos de aposentadoria brasileiros, a composição da carteira (renda fixa ou ações) e a freqüência da remessa de extratos (mensal, trimestral ou semestral). Nossos resultados indicam que os planos de aposentadoria que aplicam em ações apresentam um índice de retirada menor em comparação com os planos de renda fixa. Além disso, quanto maior a freqüência de remessa de extratos, menores as retiradas dos planos abertos de aposentadoria. Entretanto, as retiradas dos planos de aposentadoria que aplicam em ações tendem a aumentar quando o extrato é enviado aos investidores commais freqüência. Esses fenômenos podem ser explicados por teorias behavioristas, como o conceito de aversão míope à perda. Num contexto onde a aversão à perda esteja presente, quanto maior a freqüência com que o investidor avalia a sua carteira, ou quanto menor o horizonte do investimento, menos atraente ele achará o investimento em ativos com alto retorno e risco, como ações. Esse comportamento ocorre não apenas em investimentos a curto prazo, mas também nos ativos tradicionais de longo prazo como os planos de aposentadoria com aplicação em ações.     

Are Authentic Leaders Always Moral? The Role of Machiavellianism in the Relationship Between Authentic Leadership and Morality

Drawing on cognitive moral development and moral identity theories, this study empirically examines the moral antecedents and consequences of authentic leadership. Machiavellianism, an individual difference variable relating to the use of the ‘end justifies the means’ principle, is predicted to affect the link between morality and leadership. Analyses of multi-source, multi-method data comprised case studies, simulations, role-playing exercises, and survey questionnaires were completed by 70 managers in a large public agency, and provide support for our hypotheses. Our findings reveal that Machiavellianism offsets the positive relationship between moral reasoning and authentic leadership. Specifically, we show that when Machiavellianism is high, both the positive relationship between moral reasoning and authentic leadership, and the positive relationship between authentic leadership and moral actions, are reversed. This study offers new insights on the underlying processes contributing to the emergence of leaders’ authentic behavior and moral action. Implications for the moral development of leaders, and directions for improved leadership training are provided.     

How Can We Better Understand Current and Future Workforce Values in the Global Business Environment?

Our study tested the predictive power of socioeconomic development theory and age differences theory to explain work values across cultures and across age groups. We compared the values orientations of future managers, business students under the age of 25, with those of current managers and professionals, who we split into three decade groups (30 to 39, 40 to 49, and 50 to 59). Our respondents (n = 1,518) come from six diverse societies: Brazil, Germany, Indonesia, Russia, the United States, and Vietnam. Our findings indicate that both theories contribute to our understanding of work values and behaviors. One implication is that while socioeconomic development theory makes an important contribution, it is clearly not sufficient by itself to explain work values/behavior differences in the global context. The study findings and the discussion of them will hopefully provide multinational managers with a clearer assessment of current and future workforce values/behavior. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Trip Chaining: Who Wins Who Loses?

This paper studies how trip chaining (combining commuting and shopping or commuting and child care) affects market competition: in particular, pricing and the equilibrium number of firms as well as welfare. We use a monopolistic competition framework, where firms sell differentiated products as well as offering differentiated jobs to households, who are all located at some distance from the firms. The symmetric equilibriums with and without the option of trip chaining are compared. We show analytically that introducing the trip chaining option reduces the profit margin of the firms in the short run, but increases welfare. The welfare gains are, however, smaller than the transport cost savings. In the free-entry long-run equilibrium, the number of firms decreases but welfare is higher. A numerical illustration gives orders of magnitude of the different effects.