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31.
Wendin Karin Åström Annika Ståhlbröst Anna 《International Journal of Consumer Studies》2015,39(3):230-238
The concept of Living Labs (LLs) has evolved to support the creation of experience‐based development of innovations in real‐life, user‐driven and open environments. Two types of consumer product tests used generally are central location tests (CLT) and home use tests (HUT) where the acceptability or liking of a product or group of products is determined together with the view of whether one product is preferred over other products. This article explores the similarities and differences between CLT and HUT test results in a LL context. In both settings, the acceptance of five flavoured chocolate bars was evaluated for appearance, odour, taste/flavour, texture and overall liking. Apart from the mean values of liking in the two tests, data were analysed to identify consumer segments. Qualitative data were also collected by asking for consumer comments on the tested samples. The results show that independent of test method the bars were evaluated equally and all accepted by the consumers. A clear difference between CLT and HUT testing was that CLT consumers significantly differed from the HUT consumers, giving the test samples lower scores. For example, the mean values of the overall acceptance scores given by HUT consumers varied between 6.0 and 6.6, while for CLT consumers the corresponding values varied from 5.4 to 5.9. Another difference was the number of comments from consumers. CLT consumers richly commented on the products in a verbose way, while HUT consumers used the opportunity to comment very sparingly. Considering the cluster analysis as yet another difference between the testing methods, clusters from the CLT were more distinct and the number was higher with five clusters in CLT and four in HUT. Clusters where consumers liked all the products in both test settings were twice as many for HUT than in CLT. Applying the LL approach, there is a need for methods and approaches that capture a rich picture of consumers during test performance without being intrusive or obstructive of activities and context. The approach offers the opportunity for companies to have consumers not only test products but also offer input that can stimulate new innovations and give consumers more power and influence. 相似文献
32.
This study aims to improve our understanding of the processes of critical events in time and space that lead from cooperation to competition in dyadic business relationships. Within the business network approach there has recently been a call for research into both time and competition, and research combining both is novel. The study identifies and analyzes critical events in time, their connections with each other and the inner and outer space related to each event. The empirical study is based on four qualitative cases. The findings contribute to existing research by presenting several new perspectives on events and spaces, which improves our understanding of time and process in business networks. Business relationships may evolve from cooperation to competition through chronological events involving information sharing, sales-related and opportunistic activities. In space, these events mostly relate to the focal business relationships, the individual companies and third parties, such as customers. 相似文献
33.
HWWA-FORUM
Konjunkturschlaglicht: Slowenien—Fit für den Euro 相似文献34.
Connectivity and Performance of Science-based Firms 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Annika Rickne 《Small Business Economics》2006,26(4):393-407
This paper addresses whether or not there is a relationship between a young science-based firm’s patterns of connections and
the associated resource flows, and its performance. Hypotheses derived from the literature are tested in relation to three
performance indicators: inventiveness, innovativeness and employment. Analyzing a set of firms in Sweden, Ohio and Massachusetts,
working with biocompatible materials and related products, the results indicate that firm performance is significantly influenced
by the firms’ pattern of connectivity. In particular, technology-related connections proved important, where a high diversity
in types of sources for technological input, a large number of technological relations and a high amount of technology transfer
from the parent organization were related to better performance for this specific group of firms. 相似文献
35.
Colin M. Ramsay Victor I. Oguledo Annika Krutto 《North American actuarial journal : NAAJ》2018,22(3):426-457
We explore the impact of presenteeism, absenteeism, and shirking on the optimal design of an employer-sponsored sickness-disability compensation insurance plan when the employer penalizes sickness presenteeism. We assume an employee's health follows a simple multistate model with a “severely ill” sickness state. To combat absenteeism, the employer randomly verifies an employee's claim of sickness. However, to combat presenteeism, we also introduce the new concept of a presenteeism penalty whereby employees who are found to be at work in the “severely ill” sickness state are sent home and receive a penalized sick pay that is lower than the normal sick pay. Thus sick employees must decide whether to stay at home and receive a sick pay or go to work sick and run the risk of being sent home and penalized. We further assume (1) employees are risk-averse utility maximizers, (2) each employee has a strategy for staying home or working while sick that maximizes his or her lifetime expected discounted utility, and (3) an employee's strategy is unknown to the employer. The primary plan design factors that affect an employee's lifetime expected discounted utility and the employer's discounted expected accounting profits over an employee's working lifetime are the sick pay, the presenteeism penalty, and two health check probabilities. Volterra integral equations are used to derive expressions for an employee's lifetime expected discounted utility and the employer's expected discounted accounting profits over an employee's lifetime under various employee strategies. Laplace transforms are used to derive asymptotic expressions for the solutions to these integral equations. These asymptotic solutions are used to explore the impact of these factors on the optimal sickness compensation insurance plan design. 相似文献
36.
The future course of fertility is a major determinant of economic development in many sub‐Saharan countries, so understanding how HIV/AIDS affects childbearing is of great interest. We show that fertility responds negatively to female mortality and positively to male mortality and that the overall fertility response is small. The negative effect of female mortality is in line with earlier studies that only focus on women and their infection and mortality risks, while the finding of a positive effect of adult‐male mortality is novel. One interpretation of this finding is that women who perceive a high risk of their husbands' or grown‐up sons' deaths are likely to want to have more children to ensure future support. 相似文献
37.
We investigate within-family inequalities in human capital accumulation in India. Indicators of the children's current stock of human capital and of investment into their continued human capital accumulation are analyzed, distinguishing between time investments and pecuniary investment into school quality. We employ a within-family model using sibship fixed effects, and find mostly negative birth order effects; that is, earlier-born children are better off. However, for time investments there is a tendency toward more positive birth order effects, especially in poor and large families. This suggests that that opportunity cost of child time matters; in poor and large families the older, more productive, siblings often need to work. The most plausible explanation for negative birth order effects in general is resource dilution at an early age. Older siblings were only children at an early age, and therefore benefited from more parental resources. 相似文献
38.
There is tentative evidence to suggest that the well‐documented empirical failure of uncovered interest parity (UIP) is confined to short‐term interest rates. However, tests of UIP for long‐term bonds are thwarted by various data problems. These data problems can be avoided by focusing on short investments in long‐term bonds. This paper concerns the relationship between changes in the US dollar–Deutsche Mark exchange rate and returns to short investments in US and German long‐term government bonds. The hypothesis that expected returns to investments in bonds denominated in the two currencies are equal is not rejected, and the estimated slope coefficients are positive. For corresponding short‐term interest rates, the typical finding of negative and large Fama coefficients is confirmed. We conclude that it is the maturity of the asset, rather than the investment horizon, that matters for the results. 相似文献
39.
The purpose of this paper is to analyse some of the ways in which new tcchnology-bascd firms (NTBFs), started after 1975, have contributed to the process of industrial renewal in Sweden. For this purpose, we have developed a novel way of operationalizing the concept of NTBFs and of identifying the population of such companies in Sweden. The method relies heavily on unique data on the educational background of the firm's staff. We found that NTBFs constitute a relatively small but growing phenomenon in Sweden. Although small in magnitude, the firms have contributed to industrial renewal by increasing the knowledge-intensity and science base of Swedish industry and industry-related services. They have also contributed somewhat to the redirection of the knowledge base in Sweden in favour of skills which are central to the innovation process in growth sectors, primarily computer science skills. 相似文献
40.
Alänge, Jacobsson, and Jarnehammar (1998) presented an analytical framework for studying the diffusion of organisational innovations, based on the developments in literature on technical innovations and their diffusion. The aim of this paper is to examine the validity of the framework. Two exploratory case studies were carried out on the diffusion of the organisational innovation TQM. The case studies showed that the framework is a useful tool for studying the diffusion of organisational innovations. However, factors such as learning processes on a national and international level and the role of fads need further consideration. In addition, factors needed for a long-term commitment such as boards and owners and internal political and cultural systems need to be further investigated. The paper also presents a model for analysing the different phases in a diffusion process. 相似文献