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151.
This paper analyzes competition between two spatially differentiated multi-product retailers who encounter entry from a low-cost
discounter. We assess how entry affects the pricing of the incumbent stores and the role played by the location of the entrant.
Our primary objective is to identify how traditional retailers respond to new forms of low-cost retailing. Results show that
post entry, the prices for some products are higher than the pre entry. However, which product prices increase depends on
the incumbent’s location. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that the store closer to the entrant is better off compared
to the incumbent located further away. We empirically demonstrate the main workings of our theory using sales data from several
grocery stores that saw entry by discount stores in their trading areas. 相似文献
152.
Marcia Dutra de Barcellos Athanasios Krystallis Maria Stela de Melo Saab Jens Oliver Kügler Klaus G. Grunert 《International Journal of Consumer Studies》2011,35(4):391-402
Consumers worldwide are increasingly concerned with sustainable production and consumption. Recently, a comprehensive study ranked 17 countries in regard to their environmentally friendly behaviour among consumers. Brazil was one of the top countries in the list. Yet, several studies highlight significant differences between consumers' intentions to consume ethically, and their actual purchase behaviour: the so‐called ‘Attitude‐Behaviour Gap’. In developing countries, few studies have been conducted on this issue. The objective of this study is therefore to investigate the gap between citizens' sustainability‐related attitudes and food purchasing behaviour using empirical data from Brazil. To this end, Brazilian citizens' attitudes towards pig production systems were mapped through conjoint analysis and their coexistence with relevant pork product‐related purchasing behaviour of consumers was investigated through cluster analysis. The conjoint experiment was carried out with empirical data collected from 475 respondents surveyed in the South and Center‐West regions of Brazil. The results of the conjoint analysis were used for a subsequent cluster analysis in order to identify clusters of Brazilian citizens with diversified attitudes towards pig production systems, using socio‐demographics, attitudes towards sustainability‐related themes that are expected to influence the way they evaluate pig production systems, and consumption frequency of various pork products as clusters' background information. Three clusters were identified as ‘indifferent’, ‘environmental conscious’ and ‘sustainability‐oriented’ citizens. Although attitudes towards environment and nature had indeed an influence on citizens' specific attitudes towards pig farming at the cluster level, the relationship between ‘citizenship’ and consumption behaviour was found to be weak. This finding is similar to previous research conducted with European consumers: what people (in their role of citizens) think about pig production systems does not appear to significantly influence their pork consumption choices. Improvements in the integrated management of this chain would better meet consumers' sustainability‐related expectations towards pig production systems. 相似文献
153.
In this paper, we take up an approach of (Lindberg, in Bernoulli, 15(2):464–474, 2009) who introduced a new parameterization
of the Black–Scholes model that allows for an easy solution of the continuous-time Markowitz mean-variance problem. We generalize
the results of (Lindberg, in Bernoulli, 15(2):464–474, 2009) to a jump-diffusion market setting and slightly correct the proof
and the assertion of the main result. Further, we demonstrate the implications of the Lindberg parameterization for the stock
price drift vector in different market settings, analyse the dependence of the optimal portfolio from jump and diffusion risk
and finally indicate how to use the method. We particularly also show how the optimal strategy can be obtained with the restricted
use of historical data. 相似文献
154.
Arnold Tukker R. Alexandra GoldbohmArjan de Koning Marieke VerheijdenRené Kleijn Oliver WolfIgnacio Pérez-Domínguez Jose M. Rueda-Cantuche 《Ecological Economics》2011,70(10):1776-1788
Food consumption causes, together with mobility, shelter and the use of electrical products, most life cycle impacts of consumption. Meat and dairy are among the highest contributors to environmental impacts from food consumption. A healthier diet might have less environmental impacts. Using the E3IOT environmentally extended input output database developed in an EU study on Environmental Impacts of Products (EIPRO), this paper estimates the difference in impacts between the European status quo and three simulated diet baskets, i.e. a pattern according to universal dietary recommendations, the same pattern with reduced meat consumption, and a ‘Mediterranean’ pattern with reduced meat consumption. Production technologies, protein and energy intake were kept constant. Though this implies just moderate dietary shifts, impact reductions of up to 8% were possible in reduced meat scenarios. The slightly changed food costs do not lead to significant first order rebound effects. Second order rebounds were estimated by applying the CAPRI partial equilibrium model. This analysis showed that European meat production sector will most likely respond by higher exports to compensate for losses on the domestic meat market. Higher impact reductions probably would need more drastic diet changes. 相似文献
155.
Werner G��th Loreto Llorente Erviti Anthony Ziegelmeyer 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2011,21(5):843-852
The common prior assumption justifies private beliefs as posterior probabilities when updating a common prior based on individual information. We dispose of the common prior assumption for a homogeneous oligopoly market with uncertain
costs and firms entertaining arbitrary priors about other firms’ cost-type. We show that true prior beliefs can not be evolutionarily
stable when truly expected profit measures (reproductive) success. 相似文献
156.
157.
This paper explores asset pricing in economies where there is no direct insurance against idiosyncratic risks but other assets can be used for self-insurance, subject to exogenously-imposed borrowing limits. We analyze an endowment economy, based on Huggett (1993) [11], both with and without aggregate risk. Our main innovation is that we obtain full analytical tractability by studying the case with “maximally tight” borrowing constraints. We illustrate by looking at riskless bonds, equity, and the term structure of interest rates, and we show that the model can reproduce many features of observed asset prices when idiosyncratic risks are quantitatively reasonable. 相似文献
158.
Herausforderung an ein multidisziplin?res Team – Um m?glichst gro?e Erfolge zu erzielen, muss die Frührehabilitation nach
einem Schlaganfall bereits auf der Stroke Unit beginnen. Sabine Kemmler schildert die gro?e Herausforderung an die Versorgung
von Schlaganfall-Patienten für Pflegekr?fte. 相似文献
159.
160.
Assistenztechnologie im Wohnumfeld — Die Terminalphase des Lebens in h?uslicher Umgebung verbringen zu k?nnen entspricht dem
Wunsch der meisten Menschen. In Oldenburg startete mit PAALiativ ein Projekt, mit dem exemplarisch nach M?glichkeiten der
technischen Unterstützung für ein selbstbestimmtes Leben Schwerstkranker gesucht wird. 相似文献