Publishing performance of Spanish academics: 1970—2004

This work complements some of the results appearing in the article “Publishing Performance in Economics: Spanish Rankings” by Dolado et al. (Span Econ Rev 5: 80–103, 2003) Specifically we focus on the robustness of the results regardless of the time span considered, the effect of the choice of a particular database on the final results, and the effects on changes in the unit of institutional measure (departments vs. institutions as a whole). Differences are significant when we expand the time period considered. There are also significant but small differences if we combine datasets to derive the rankings. Finally, department rankings offer a more precise picture of the situation of the Spanish academics, although results do not differ substantially from those obtained when overall institutions are considered.     

Intra-industry trade and inter-industry specialization as concurrent sources of International Trade in manufactures

Zusammenfassung Intra-industrieller Handel und interindustrielle Spezialisierung als Ursachen des internationalen Handels mit Industrieerzeugnissen. — Der Hauptzweck dieses Aufsatzes ist es, zur besseren Einsch?tzung der empirischen Relevanz von Intra-Handel und industrieller Spezialisierung als gleichzeitige Quellen des internationalen Handels mit Industrieerzeugnissen beizutragen. Nach einigen überlegungen zur theoretischen Natur des Ph?nomens des Intra-Handels wird gezeigt, daβ die Indizes, die Grubel und Lloyd zur Messung seiner empirischen Relevanz vorgeschlagen haben, dann ganz unzuverl?ssig sind, wenn sich der Gesamthandel des Landes in einem erheblichen Ungleichgewicht befindet. Es werden andere Mase für den Intra-Handel vorgeschlagen, die nicht mit diesen M?ngeln behaftet zu sein scheinen, und die groβen Unterschiede im empirischen Verhalten der verschiedenen Indizes werden an Hand des Handels mit Industriewaren im Jahre 1972 gezeigt. Dann wird die Beziehung zwischen der Export- und der Importstruktur für Industriewaren untersucht mit dem überraschenden Ergebnis, daβ ein Land dann, wenn es verh?ltnism?βig groβe Mengen eines Gutes exportiert, im allgemeinen auch verh?ltnism?βig viel davon importiert. Schlieβlich untersucht die Arbeit auf Jahres-basis die Ver?nderungen des Ausmaβes der interindustriellen Spezialisierung im Zeitraum 1951–1974. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daβ das Ausmaβ der interindustriellen Spezialisierung in diesem Zeitraum recht begrenzt war und sogar im Laufe der Zeit abgenommen hat.

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Résumé Le commerce intra-industriel et la spécialisation inter-industrielle comme des sources concurrentes du commerce international en produits manufacturiers. — Le but essentiel de cet article est de contribuer à une détermination meilleure de l’importance empirique du commerce intra-industriel et de la spécialisation inter-industrielle comme de sources concurrentes du commerce international avec des produits manufacturiers. Après quelques réflexions sur la nature théorique du phénomène du commerce intra-industriel nous démontrons que les indices proposés par Grubel et Lloyd pour mesurer son importance empirique sont toujours entièrement douteux si le commerce total du pays est substantiellement disbalancé. Nous proposons quelques mesures différentes du commerce intra-industriel qu’elles ne semblent pas être influé par ces défauts et nous démontrons les grandes différences de la performance empirique des indices différents concernant le réseau du commerce avec des produits manufacturiers en 1972. Puis nous analysons la relation entre les réseaux d’exportation et d’importation des produits manufacturiers avec le résultat étonnant que si un pays exporte relativement beaucoup d’un produit il normalement veut aussi importer relativement beaucoup du même produit. Finalement, le papier analyse sur une base annuelle les changes de l’étendue de la spécialisation inter-industrielle en produits manufacturiers en cours de la période 1951–1974. Les résultats démontrent que l’étendue de la spécialisation inter-industrielle en produits manufacturiers était assez limitée en cours de cette période et même déclinait en cours du temps.

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Resumen Comercio intra-industrial y especialización inter-industrial como fuentes concurrentes del comercio internacional en manufacturas. — El principal propósito de este artículo es contribuir a un mejor entendimiento de la relevancia empírica del comercio intra-industrial y de la especialización inter-industrial como fuentes concurrentes del comercio internacional en bienes manufacturados. Después de algunas reflexiones acerca de la naturaleza teórica del fenómeno del comercio intra-industrial se muestra, que los índices propuestos por Grubel y Lloyd para medir su relevancia empírica son poco confiables en el caso que el comercio total de un país está sustancialmente desequilibrado. Se proponen medidas diferentes del comercio intra-industrial que parecen no ser afectadas por estas limitaciones y se muestran las grandes diferencias en el desempe?o empírico de los distintos índices con respecto al partón de comercio en manufacturas de 1972. En seguida se investiga la relación entre los patrones de exportación e importación de manufacturas con el resultado sorprendente, que cuando un país exporta relativamente mucho de un bien también importará relativamente mucho del mismo bien. Finalmente, el artículo investiga sobre una basis anual los cambios en la magnitud de la especialización inter-industrial en manufacturas parael periodo 1951–1974. Los resultados muestran, que la magnitud de la especialización inter-industrial en manufacturas ha sido bastante limitada a través de este período e incluso ha declinado a través del tiempo.

     

Nursing career fulfillment: statistics and statements from registered nurses

A state-level survey of registered nurses confirmed national findings and raised new issues. Findings revealed that while nurses love the intrinsic reward of nursing, they report workplace, relationship, and stress issues which contribute to frustration and exhaustion. These issues may prevent registered nurses from giving the nursing care they desire to deliver, hastening preventable retirement and costly turnover decisions.     

Inequality of Opportunity in Europe

Using the EU‐SILC database, we estimate and compare the Inequality of Opportunity (IO) of 23 European countries in 2005. IO is estimated as the between‐type (ex‐ante) inequality component following the parametric procedure of Ferreira and Gignoux (2011 ), which allows for the inclusion of the large set of circumstances in the database. We also measure the degree of correlation between IO estimates and a set of past and contemporaneous economic factors related to the degree of development, labor market performance, investment in human capital, and social protection spending.     

Is there an energy paradox in fuel economy? A note on the role of consumer heterogeneity and sorting bias

From the previous literature, it can be found that consumers tend to undervalue discounted future energy costs in their purchase decisions for energy-using durables. We show that this finding could, in part, result from ignoring consumer heterogeneity in empirical analyses as opposed to true undervaluation.     

Hold-up and externality: the firm as a nexus of incomplete rights?

The Coasean theory of the firm (Coase in Economica 4:386–405, 1937) has flourished with the theory of incomplete contracts. Transaction costs in the form of enforcement costs have been deemed to be the main determinants of the decision to ‘make’ versus ‘buy’. Surprisingly, this stream of literature has almost neglected that transaction costs may also generate incomplete property rights (Coase in J Law Econ 3:1–44, 1960). As firm’s activities entail both contractual and property rights, these two domains interfere each other on the decision to carry out a transaction within the firm. When property rights are incomplete, potential externalities may increase the cost of using the price mechanism to procure the assets needed in a given transaction. The resulting ‘Coasean firm’ would not only centralize incomplete contracts under a unified governance system, but it will also aggregate incomplete property rights under a unified ownership structure.     

The Effect of Internal Barriers on the Connection Between Stakeholder Integration and Proactive Environmental Strategies

This paper examines the influence of internal barriers on the relationship between the organizational capability of stakeholder integration and proactive environmental strategies. We adopt a moderate hierarchical regression model to test the hypotheses using data from a sample of 73 managers in the business education industry. The paper contributes to stakeholder theory by showing that stakeholder integration positively influences the development of proactive environmental strategies when managers perceive internal barriers to the development of such strategies. This article also explores an ethical dilemma—managers may use the stakeholder integration capability to support their own interests rather than to benefit stakeholders.     

Short-term wholesale funding and systemic risk: A global CoVaR approach

We use the CoVaR approach to identify the main factors behind systemic risk in a set of large international banks. We find that short-term wholesale funding is a key determinant in triggering systemic risk episodes. In contrast, we find weaker evidence that either size or leverage contributes to systemic risk within the class of large international banks. We also show that asymmetries based on the sign of bank returns play an important role in capturing the sensitivity of system-wide risk to individual bank returns. Since short-term wholesale funding emerges as the most relevant systemic factor, our results support the Basel Committee’s proposal to introduce a net stable funding ratio, penalizing excessive exposure to liquidity risk.     

Venture-backed Private Equity Valuation and Financial Statement Information

The relationship between (a) private and public equity market valuations and (b) financial statement information is examined for a sample of 502 venture capital backed companies from six different industries over the 1993–2003 period. Financial statement information explains a sizable component of the levels of and changes in valuation in both the Pre-IPO and Post-IPO periods. The findings support prior research for Post-IPO companies that revenues are value enhancing and costs are value diminishing. For the Pre-IPO period, we find that cost of sales; sales, marketing, general and administrative; and research and development are value enhancing—even when revenues are included in the analysis. This is consistent with costs incurred by early-stage, venture-backed companies having a strong “investment aspect” as the companies build a platform/infrastructure to grow revenue and validate their business model(s). We document the growth of early stage companies for revenues and costs in both calendar time (by round of private equity financing) and event time (relative to their eventual IPO).

Career concerns and peer effects in institutional tournaments: Evidence from ECB reserve currency portfolios

Using data on European Central Bank's (ECB's) reserve currency portfolios, we find that money managers react to relative rankings (i.e., own vs. peers’ performance) by adjusting portfolio active risk levels measured ex ante by actual deviations from their benchmark. This occurs in the absence of explicit incentives as no monetary reward is promised for winning this “tournament” among portfolio managers. We collect information on managers’ characteristics, including age, education, tenure, salary, and career path, and investigate the role played by implicit incentives. We provide evidence that both individual career concerns and institutional peer pressure contribute to the documented relationship between ranking and risk taking.