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21.
Equilibrium in international trade with increasing returns in infrastructure depends on whether the infrastructure provider is “naïve” or sophisticated. A monopolist produces infrastructure under decreasing cost using fixed equipment. Unlike similar work, we derive a unique closed‐economy equilibrium. In a small open economy, with “naïve” infrastructure provider(s), multiple equilibria obtain. The industrial export potential of the economy depends on unexhausted economies of scale, and equilibria are possible where manufactures are exported despite an autarky price higher than the world price. With a sophisticated infrastructure provider, even an open economy has a unique equilibrium, which, at least as long as economies of scale are unexhausted, also involves more industrialization than the “naïve” equilibria. Access to the unlimited world market is necessary for significant industrialization but is not sufficient: one may also require “Schumpeterian” entrepreneurs, monopolists with a panoramic vision of the economy and of their catalytic role in it. 相似文献
22.
The last three decades have witnessed the continued exit of households from primary agriculture in the United States, where the average annual gross exit rate has averaged 10% per year. Understanding exit behavior is one key to future farm structure, management of abandoned land, depopulation of rural areas, and agricultural policy, including government program payments. This study empirically estimates the determinants of exit decisions of farm households. Particular attention is given to the roles of intensity of government payments and off‐farm work decisions of farm couples in the exit decision. Using a large farm‐level survey and controlling for endogeneity, results indicate that farm households with reduced intensity of government payments are more likely to exit farming. Households where the operator spouse works off the farm are more likely to exit farming. Additionally, households with older farmers, with the farm operator and spouse raised on a farm, and households operating farms located in Northern Great Plains are more likely to exit farming. 相似文献
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24.
Ashok K. Mishra Anthony N. Rezitis Mike G. Tsionas 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2019,70(2):353-371
We investigate production risk, technical efficiency and risk attitudes amongst contract and independent farmers. We use a Bayesian parametric approach and stochastic dominance quantile regression methods to compare technical efficiency and risk attitude of smallholders in Nepal. Using farm‐level data, we find that contract farmers appear to show lower inefficiency and lower production risk. Additionally, contract and independent farmers can increase output by reducing the scale of operation. Regardless of the commodity produced and farming arrangement (contract or independent production), we find that labour, land and other inputs are risk‐augmenting, while the role of capital is mixed. We find a second order stochastic dominance (SSD) for lentils, and first order stochastic dominance (FSD) for tomatoes, ginger and HYV paddy seed commodities. Finally, contract farmers are more risk averse than independent farmers, regardless of the commodity produced. 相似文献
25.
This article is a navigation guide to the twenty papers that emerged from the workshops conducted at the Sixth Invitational
Choice Symposium (Estes Park, Colorado, June 2004). The papers are categorized into three broad sets that focus respectively
on choice modeling issues, on providing interdisciplinary perspectives on choice, and on relating choice research to real
world concerns. Within each category, we offer provide brief integrative overviews linking subsets of papers. 相似文献
26.
Integral consciousness through the global lens: The great shift in the presiding technology of consciousness 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ashok Gangadean 《Futures》2010,42(10):1049-1055
It is now more evident that humanity is in the midst of a profound evolutionary shift in all dimensions of our cultural life and in our human condition. One symptom of this great shift is the increasing sense of “crisis” as our older dysfunctional forms of life and mind face a certain meltdown in this metamorphesis. Ironically, our entrenched patterns of “minding” and consciousness feed the crisis and eclipse the depth of the real crisis. The shift we now face has long been emerging since the dawn of civilizations, and is nothing less than an evolutionary shift, a maturation of our human form and technology of consciousness. Indeed, the essence of the global crises turns essentially on this “crisis” in consciousness—a radical dimensional shift in our rational capacities and mind processing powers. And this shift has been long seen and anticipated in our hitherto dormant global wisdom tradition through the ages. This essay suggests that our future sustainability now turns on bringing forth this mindshift from egomental patterns to more mature holistic, integral and dialogical patterns of being human through our dilated global lens. 相似文献
27.
Abstract This article presents a variant of the usual ratio and product methods of estimation, with the intention 10 improve their efficiency. The first order large sample approximations to the bias and the mean square error of the proposed estimator are obtained and compared with those of the well-known methods (simple expansion, ratio, product, difference and linear regression methods). For a special case, the accuracy of the first order approximation (terms up to the order n-1 ) is examined by including terms upto the order n-2 . With suitable choice of a design parameter, the proposed estimator turns out to be superior to the three methods mentioned first. The relation to the other two methods is examined; if the design parameter can be chosen near to the optimal value, the proposed method is seen to be approximately as efficient as the linear regression estimator. Finally some extensions are indicated. 相似文献
28.
This study tests the practicality of using the capital asset pricing model to evaluate public utility returns. To this end, utilities are grouped into portfolios, in accordance with their industry classification and their prime regulatory authority. Then their relationship to a market index of unregulated securities is analyzed vis-à-vis the relationship between this index and several control securities believed, a priori, to be of commensurate risk. These relationships are analyzed in two steps: the first step investigates the real trend movements over time; the second, the association of the wide-sense stationary components of these return processes. Bivariate spectral analysis is used in the second phase of this investigation. This enables us to analyze the time lags between return processes, and to break up our estimates by duration of cyclical movement and compare the long-term and short-term estimates.We conclude that ordinary least squares estimates of utility β's lack value to either investors or regulators. This is due to the highly unstable relationship between utility returns and the market index and to the existence of a lag between these processes. One explanation for this finding is regulatory lag and the uncertainty (as well as the actual content) surrounding regulatory authority decisions. 相似文献
29.
Successful rural growth episodes in India indicate a process of growth and diversification that is based on the development of producer services. A simple theoretical model of this process is sketched to suggest impediments to such a process of growth and thus to offer a possible explanation of rural stagnation in many areas in India. Agricultural policies in India of the present and the recent past are analysed in the light of such a framework. 相似文献
30.
图１铂族金属萃取率与HCl浓度的关系（有机相：７５mmol·L－１Cyanex９２１；水相：Rh（Ⅲ）、Pt（Ⅳ）和Pd（Ⅱ）浓度均为１mmol·L－１；振荡时间：１０min）１前言铂族金属广泛地应用于催化反应、电子器件、航空航天等领域，在汽车尾气净化催化剂中的应用也与日俱增。铂族金属价格高，需求量大，促使人们从低品位矿和废催化剂中回收它们。由于铂族金属在氯化物水溶液中的化学性质极其相似犤１犦，分离和提纯它们是十分困难的，有必要开发一种更为有效的分离与提取方法。关于铂族金属的提取分离，许多作者［２～７］早有研究，也有许… 相似文献