用Cyanex921-甲苯萃取分离Pt,Pd和Rh--一种用于从废催化剂中回收铂族金属的方法

图１铂族金属萃取率与HCl浓度的关系（有机相：７５mmol·L－１Cyanex９２１；水相：Rh（Ⅲ）、Pt（Ⅳ）和Pd（Ⅱ）浓度均为１mmol·L－１；振荡时间：１０min）１前言铂族金属广泛地应用于催化反应、电子器件、航空航天等领域，在汽车尾气净化催化剂中的应用也与日俱增。铂族金属价格高，需求量大，促使人们从低品位矿和废催化剂中回收它们。由于铂族金属在氯化物水溶液中的化学性质极其相似犤１犦，分离和提纯它们是十分困难的，有必要开发一种更为有效的分离与提取方法。关于铂族金属的提取分离，许多作者［２～７］早有研究，也有许…     

Does trade size restriction affect trading behavior? Evidence from Indian single stock futures market

Algorithmic traders use their advantage of speed to execute a large number of small-sized trades in a very short time. In the presence of a minimum trading unit (MTU) restriction, they are forced to trade at the smallest possible sizes, often restricted by the MTU. Using a novel data set of single stock futures market obtained from the National Stock Exchange of India, we show that the MTU restriction acts as a binding constraint for traders while optimizing trade sizes. Contrary to expectation, we find weak evidence that liquidity is positively impacted by the contract size revision.     

Trade,Growth, and Increasing Returns to Infrastructure: The Role of the Sophisticated Monopolist*

Equilibrium in international trade with increasing returns in infrastructure depends on whether the infrastructure provider is “naïve” or sophisticated. A monopolist produces infrastructure under decreasing cost using fixed equipment. Unlike similar work, we derive a unique closed‐economy equilibrium. In a small open economy, with “naïve” infrastructure provider(s), multiple equilibria obtain. The industrial export potential of the economy depends on unexhausted economies of scale, and equilibria are possible where manufactures are exported despite an autarky price higher than the world price. With a sophisticated infrastructure provider, even an open economy has a unique equilibrium, which, at least as long as economies of scale are unexhausted, also involves more industrialization than the “naïve” equilibria. Access to the unlimited world market is necessary for significant industrialization but is not sufficient: one may also require “Schumpeterian” entrepreneurs, monopolists with a panoramic vision of the economy and of their catalytic role in it.     

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF DECENTRALIZED PLANNING PROCEDURES

Abstract. The paper surveys the theory of decentralized planning procedures, dealing with price-guided, quantity-guided and mixed procedures. Informational and incentive properties of the various procedures are dealt with, as is the problem of public goods. The practice of planning in the USSR, Hungary and India is also discussed.     

The water footprints of Morocco and the Netherlands: Global water use as a result of domestic consumption of agricultural commodities

The volume of international trade in agricultural commodities is increasing faster than the global volume of production, which is an indicator of growing international dependencies in the area of food supply. Although less obvious, it also implies growing international dependencies in the field of water supply. By importing food, countries also import water in virtual form. The aim of the paper is to assess the water footprints of Morocco, a semi-arid/arid country, and the Netherlands, a humid country. The water footprint of a country is defined as the volume of water used for the production of the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The internal water footprint is the volume of water used from domestic water resources; the external water footprint is the volume of water used in other countries to produce goods and services imported and consumed by the inhabitants of the country. The study shows that both Morocco and the Netherlands import more water in virtual form (in the form of water-intensive agricultural commodities) than they export, which makes them dependent on water resources elsewhere in the world. The water footprint calculations show that Morocco depends for 14% on water resources outside its own borders, while the Netherlands depend on foreign water resources for 95%. It is shown that international trade can result in global water saving when a water-intensive commodity is traded from an area where it is produced with high water productivity to an area with lower water productivity. If Morocco had to domestically produce the products that are now imported from the Netherlands, it would require 780 million m³/year. However, the imported products from the Netherlands were actually produced with only 140 million m³/year, which implies a global water saving of 640 million m³/year.     

Spectral analysis of public utility returns

This study tests the practicality of using the capital asset pricing model to evaluate public utility returns. To this end, utilities are grouped into portfolios, in accordance with their industry classification and their prime regulatory authority. Then their relationship to a market index of unregulated securities is analyzed vis-à-vis the relationship between this index and several control securities believed, a priori, to be of commensurate risk. These relationships are analyzed in two steps: the first step investigates the real trend movements over time; the second, the association of the wide-sense stationary components of these return processes. Bivariate spectral analysis is used in the second phase of this investigation. This enables us to analyze the time lags between return processes, and to break up our estimates by duration of cyclical movement and compare the long-term and short-term estimates.We conclude that ordinary least squares estimates of utility β's lack value to either investors or regulators. This is due to the highly unstable relationship between utility returns and the market index and to the existence of a lag between these processes. One explanation for this finding is regulatory lag and the uncertainty (as well as the actual content) surrounding regulatory authority decisions.     

THE ARBITRAGE PRICING THEORY AND COST-OF-CAPITAL ESTIMATION: THE CASE OF ELECTRIC UTILITIES

Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and alternative arbitrage pricing theory (APT) methodologies are used to estimate the cost of capital for a sample of electric utilities. The statistical factors APT method is found to produce significantly different estimates depending on the number of factors specified and the set of firms factor analyzed. The use of macroeconomic factors is explored, and it is shown that this methodology has advantages over the statistical factors APT and the market model.     

Market distortions and export performance: India’s exports of manufactures in the 1970s

Zusammenfassung Marktst?rungen und die Exporte eines Landes: Indiens Industriegüterexporte in den siebziger Jahren. — Aus einem Heckscher-Ohlin-Modell mit mehreren L?ndern und mehreren Gütern werden Vorstellungen darüber abgeleitet, wie sich Verzerrungen der Güter- und Faktorm?rkte auf die Kapitalintensit?t von Industrien, auf die Zusammensetzung der Warenexporte und auf die Exportt?tigkeit auswirken. Diese Modellvorstellungen werden mit Erfolg benutzt, um die indische Situation zu erkl?ren. Die Verzerrungen der Faktorm?rkte in Indien haben eine gr?Βere Kapitalintensit?t seiner Industrien bewirkt; Verzerrungen der Güterm?rkte haben zu einer Umkehr in der Exportt?tigkeit geführt: Einige subventionierte kapitalintensive Industrien sind auf den Weltm?rkten leistungsf?higer als seine arbeitsintensiven Industrien.

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Résumé Distorsions de marché et la performance exportatrice: les exportations manufacturières de l’Inde dans les années soixante-dix. — Avec succès l’auteur explique la situation indienne gráce aux propositions qui sont dérivées d’un multi-pays et multi-biens cadre du type Heckscher-Ohlin pour analyser les effets des distorsions sur le marché des biens et des facteurs á l’intensité capitalistique des industries, á la composition des biens exportés et á la performance exportatrice. Les distorsions sur les marchés des facteurs aux Indes ont augmenté l’intensité capitalistique de ses industries; les distorsions sur les marchés des biens ont conduit aux inversions de la performance exportatrice de ses industries — quelques industries intensives á capital et subventionées révèlent une meilleure performance exportatrice sur les marchés mondiaux que des industries intensives á main-d’∁uvre.

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Resumen Distorsiones de mercado y comportamiento de exportación: las exportaciones de manufacturas de la India en los afios 1970. — Se utilizan exitosamente proposiciones derivadas de un marco multi-paises y multi-productos de Heckscher-Ohlin acerca del impacto de distorsiones en los mercados de bienes y factures sobre la intensidad de capital de las industrias, la composición de productos de las exportaciones y el comportamiento de las exportaciones para explicar la situaci?n de la India. Distorsiones en el mercado de factures en la India han resultado en una mayor intensidad de capital de sus industrias; distorsiones en el mercado de bienes en la India han llevado a reversiones en el comportamiento de exportation de sus industrias — algunas industrias intensivas en capital subsidiadas tienen un comportamiento mejor en los mercados mundiales que sus industrias intensivas en mano de obra.