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51.
Two measures of an error‐ridden variable make it possible to solve the classical errors‐in‐Variable problem by using one measure as an instrument for the other. It is well known that a second IV‐estimate can be obtained by reversing the roles of the two measures. We explore the optimal linear combination of these two estimates. In a Monte Carlo study, we show that the gain in precision is significant. The proposed estimator also compares well with full information maximum likelihood under normality. We illustrate the method by estimating the capital elasticity in the Norwegian ICT‐industry. 相似文献
52.
We develop a Schumpeterian growth model with privately optimal intellectual property rights (IPRs) enforcement and investigate the implications for intellectual property and R&D policies. In our setting, successful innovators undertake costly rent protection activities (RPAs) to enforce their patents. RPAs deter innovators who seek to discover higher quality products and thereby replace the patent holder. RPAs also deter imitators who seek to capture a portion of the monopoly market by imitating the patent holder's product. We investigate the role of private IPR protection by considering the impact of subsidies to RPAs on economic growth and welfare. We find that a larger RPA subsidy raises the innovation rate if and only if the ease of imitation is above a certain level. With regards to welfare, we find that depending on the parameters it may be optimal to tax or subsidize RPAs. Thus a prohibitively high taxation of RPAs is not necessarily optimal. We also show that the presence of imitation strengthens the case for subsidizing R&D. 相似文献
53.
The interaction between national competition authorities (NCAs) and national regulatory authorities (NRAs) plays a vital role in institutionalizing competition policy during regulatory reforms. Questions about jurisdictional authority over competition policy are far from settled 相似文献
54.
55.
We address the issue of foreign exchange risk and its macroeconomic determinants in several new EU members. We derive the observable macroeconomic factors—consumption and inflation—using the stochastic discount factor (SDF) approach. The joint distribution of excess returns in the foreign exchange market and the factors are modeled using a multivariate GARCH-in-mean specification. Our findings show that both real and nominal factors play important roles in explaining the variability of the foreign exchange risk premium. Both types of factors should be included in monetary general equilibrium models employed to study excess returns. To contribute to the further stability of domestic currencies, the new EU members should strive to implement stabilization policies aimed at achieving nominal as well as real convergence with the core EU members. 相似文献
56.
In this paper we extend the traditional price change hedge ratio estimation method by applying the theory of cointegration to hedging with stock index futures contracts for France (CAC 40), the United Kingdom (FTSE 100), Germany (DAX), and Japan (NIKKEI). Previous studies ignore the last period's equilibrium error and short-run deviations. The findings of this study indicate that the hedge ratios obtained from the error correction method are superior to those obtained from the traditional method as evidenced by the likelihood ratio test and out-of-sample forecasts. Using the procedures developed in this paper, hedgers can control the risk of their portfolios more effectively at a lower cost. 相似文献
57.
Asim Ghosh 《The Financial Review》1995,30(3):567-581
In this paper, the traditional price change hedge ratio estimation method is extended by applying the theory of cointegration in case of hedging with European Currency Unit (ECU) futures contracts. Previous studies ignore the last period's equilibrium error and short-run deviations. The findings of this study indicate that the hedge ratio estimated by the error correction method is superior to the one obtained from the traditional method, as evidenced by the likelihood ratio test and out-of-sample forecasts. Hedgers can control the risk of their portfolios more effectively at a lower cost. 相似文献
58.
Hedging with stock index futures: Estimation and forecasting with error correction model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Asim Ghosh 《期货市场杂志》1993,13(7):743-752
59.
Burcu Şenyapili Ýncý Basa 《International Journal of Technology and Design Education》2006,16(3):273-283
There is a current vacillation in choosing hand or computer for design presentation in academia. Although the computer emerged
as very powerful alternative presentation medium, it could not sweep away the hand totally. Believing that this vacillation
cannot only be due to the positive and negative aspects of both media, we worked with a group of students in a design curriculum
to observe the factors that affect their choice of medium for presenting design ideas. The students were required to use both
media for the same task, subsequently their satisfaction and evaluation were examined through a questionnaire. Students acknowledged
the positive aspects of both media, rather than accumulating on one side. Findings led us to concur that the constant oscillation
of architecture between art and science penetrates down to the individual choice of presentation medium. We assert that the
warmness of hand is not deserted as it contemplates the artistic essence, while the digital perfection of the computers flirt
with science. The ever-attended, age-old question of architecture’s being art and/or science occupies the architectural agenda
at various levels. Both the polarizations and the reconciliations have theoretical, practical and educational consequences.
This paper locates itself within this context and proposes a new framework for analyzing the impacts of this oscillation in
design presentation, concluding that the future of presentation in education points to the coexistence of both media. 相似文献
60.