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91.
Axel T. Paul 《International Review of Economics》2008,55(1-2):209-227
There is considerable quarrel as to what extent the shape and malfunctioning of contemporary African states can be attributed to the colonial experience or whether the precolonial heritage must be taken into account. Generally, the correct answer is that both, precolonial forms of political organization and the imposition of the colonial state, characterize the African situation. Yet, it is possible to distinguish more specifically between the two formative influences and to gauge their particular importance. Empirically, the result of the colonial encounter was, on the one hand, a subversion of traditional concepts of legitimacy and, on the other hand, still is the fact that the development of market economies and liberal democracies remains unlikely. Theoretically, I propose to use the notion of reciprocity to describe and analyze three historical forms of power relations, namely, clientelism, colonialism and cleptocracy. By reconstructing the historicity and malleability of the concept, I try to show its usefulness and adequacy to outline basic features of societal organization. 相似文献
92.
Summary. We generalize the result of Alesina and Rodrik (1994) by showing that their static solution is also a time consistent Stackelberg solution of a differential game between the government and the median voter.Received: 11 June 2001, Revised: 7 February 2003, JEL Classification Numbers:
O15, O40, E61, C73.We would like to thank Claus Peter Ortlieb, Nikolaus A. Siegfried, and two anonymous referees for useful comments. The first version of this work was written while Holger Strulik was Marie Curie Research Fellow at the Department of Applied Economics, University of Cambridge, U.K. A research grant of the European Commission is gratefully acknowledged. Correspondence to: H. Strulik 相似文献
93.
Conclusion In this article, we propose a consistent view on the recent oil-price history based on fundamental data and economic theory.
We sum up: After the turn of the century three major stylized shocks have hit market. First, the demand curve has shifted
fight outwards, mainly driven, as extensively reported in the media, by sustained growth in China and other Asian Countries.
Second, supply disruptions in countries with low extraction costs (Iraq and Venezuela) have shifted the supply curve to the
left. Third, we show that speculators adjust their inventories in order to take advantage of predictable price fluctuations
and play themselves a major role in the price formation. Optimal storage theory implies that aggregate inventories are negatively
related to the oil price and positively to the volatility of supply and demand shocks.
We provide evidence that the political events in the last years have increased volatility and induced the inventory curve
to shift right outwards. We analyze in a graphical framework the interaction of all these shocks and conclude that speculators
have caused the oil price to overshoot in the short run its long-run fundamental value. However, this is not at all attributable
to market failure or the harmfulness of speculators. In fact, the opposite is true. Speculators have in general a dampening
effect on the oil price. The record oil price in the very recent history is partly a consequence of speculators maintaining
or building-up inventories to cope with the supply and demand shocks to come. Hence, high prices represent a short-term toll
for future price stability.
It follows from our analysis that the oil price is expected to fall towards its long-term mean, provided that no further shocks
hit the economy and, critically, the oil supply. As we saw, this prediction is consistent with the observed prices in the
futures markets. Also in terms of future price volatility, the outlook is rather upbeat. The increased inventory levels held
by speculators will cushion the spot market against fluctuations in natural supply and demand and limit the degree to which
the currently high underlying volatility will translate into higher price volatility.
We would like to thank Manuel Ammann, Bernd Brommundt, Stephan Kessler, Ralf Seiz, Michael Verhofen, Hemrich von Wyss, and
two anonymous referees for helpful comments We are particularly indebted to Sergej Peisotchenko at United Energy System (UES)
of Russia and Jan Gjerde at Shell for clearing us up on technical aspects of oil production 相似文献
94.
We study the possible implications of incentive schemes as a tool to promote efficiency in the management of universities. In this paper, we show that by designing internal financial rules which create yardstick competition for research funds, a multi-department university may induce better teaching quality and research, as compared to the performance of independent departments. 相似文献
95.
Axel Heitmueller 《Scottish journal of political economy》2004,51(3):329-358
The Scottish extension‐sample of the British Household Panel Study (BHPS) is used to shed light on differences in job mobility patterns in England and Scotland for both men and women. Based on probit estimates of the overall mobility rate, a new decomposition technique is applied to distinguish between explained and unexplained differences. Furthermore, exploiting data on the number of job changes, a zero inflated Poisson model is estimated to provide information on possible differences in the expected number of job changes. Overall, there is evidence that suggests significant differences in mobility patterns south and north of the Borders; however, this is confined to men. Yet, whether this suffices to justify a heterogeneous regional labour market remains to be seen. 相似文献
96.
In this paper, we investigate the degree to which productivity adjusted deviations from PPP influence the U.S. inbound FDI.
Our results show a significant negative relationship between productivity adjusted misalignments and the U.S. inbound FDI
from Germany and the United Kingdom in the short-run, and a positive relationship in the long-run. Hence, indicating that
a positive misalignment—undervalued U.S. dollar—leads to a decrease in the U.S. inbound FDI in the short-run and to an increase
in the long-run. No significant evidence is found for Japan. Interestingly, unadjusted real exchange rate changes show no
statistically significant relationship with respect to the U.S. inbound FDI.
The authors thank the reviewers for their insightful comments. 相似文献
97.
98.
With the majority of large UK and many US banks collapsing or being forced to raise capital over the 2007–9 period, blaming bankers may be satisfying but is patently insufficient; Basel II and Federal oversight frameworks also deserve criticism. We propose that the current methodological void at the heart of Basel II, Pillar 2 is filled with the recommendation that banks develop fully-integrated models for economic capital that relate asset values to fundamental drivers of risk in the economy to capture systematic effects and inter-asset dependencies in a way that crude correlation assumptions do not. We implement a fully-integrated risk analysis based on the balance sheet of a composite European bank using an economic-scenario generation model calibrated to conditions at the end of 2007. Our results suggest that the more modular, correlation-based approaches to economic capital that currently dominate practice could have led to an undercapitalisation of banks, a result that is clearly of interest given subsequent events. The introduction of integrated economic-scenario-based models in future can improve capital adequacy, enhance Pillar 2’s application and rejuvenate the relevance of the Basel regulatory framework. 相似文献
99.
Human dynamics, institutional change, political relations and the global environment have become increasingly intertwined. The development of multicultural societies has certainly not been without its problems. The re-emergence of extremist political parties, the segregation of cultures and ethnic conflict, illustrate the problematic side of socio-cultural integration at the local level. We argue that socio-cultural factors not only change as a result of globalisation, but also can be causes, as well as challenges to the process of globalisation itself. We describe how the recent introduction of the MGI and KOF globalisation indices can be used to empirically address to what extent globalisation affects social phenomena. Overall, while the rigidity of national boarders slackens, to speak about a global community is misleading. National borders still exist and the nation-state still matters. The fact is that they have to co-exist with civil society. The institutions of global civil society place limits upon the government and function as a sort of check on various forms of government, especially the authoritarian and absolutist varieties. 相似文献
100.