The theory of wage differentials,induced technical progress and the pure theory of International trade

Zusammenfassung Die Theorie der Lohnunterschiede, des induzierten tech-nischen Fortschritts und die reine Theorie des internationalen Handels. — In der Literatur über die Theorie der Lohnunterschiede und des internationalen Handels wird gew?hnlich angenommen, die Lohnunterschiede seien exogen und die Ausgangs-lage sei ein Gleichgewicht. Der vorliegende Aufsatz geht abweichend davon von einem Ungleichgewichtszustand aus. Es wird ein Modell entwickelt, in dem technischer Fortschritt als Folge intersektoraler Lohnunterschiede entsteht (unter der Annahme einer Untergrenze für die Lohns?tze, die durch Subsistenzüberlegungen bestimmt wird). Aus der Untersuchung ergibt sich folgendes: (1) Eine Volkswirtschaft, die durch Lohnunterschiede gekennzeichnet ist, kann sich in eine Volkswirtschaft mit Subsistenz-L?hnen verwandeln. In diesem Fall gibt es automatische Kr?fte, die das System von einem Typ verzerrender Rahmenbedingungen (Lohnunterschiede) zu einem anderen Typ verzerrender Rahmenbedingungen (Subsistenz-L?hne) überleiten. (2) Eine Volkswirtschaft, die durch Lohnunterschiede gekennzeichnet ist, kann eine optimale L?sung infolge des Wirkens zweier Arten von technischem Fortschritt erreichen, n?mlich (a) durch den technischen Fortschritt, der durch intersektorale Lohnunterschiede hervorgerufen wird und (b) durch den technischen Fortschritt vom Kennedy-Typ. Die Literatur über Lohnunterschiede und Handel war haupts?chlich damit besch?ftigt, die Folgen eines exogen bestimmten Lohnes, der keine Beziehungen zu den Parametern des Modells hat, zu untersuchen, und hat dabei die Prüfung der Mechanismen vernachl?ssigt, die imstande sein k?nnen, die Lohnunterschiede zu beseitigen. Dieser Aufsatz ist ein kleiner Beitrag dazu, diese Lücke im Schrifttum auszufüllen.

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Résumé La théorie des différentiels salariaux, le progrès technique induit et la théorie pure du commerce international. — Dans la littérature sur la théorie des différentiels salariaux et le commerce international, on généralement regarde le différentiel salarial comme être exogène et la position initiale comme être une position d’équilibre. Ce papier se sépare de cette pratique générale et regarde la situation initiale comme être une position de diséquilibre. Nous établons un modèle dans lequel le progrès technique entre comme conséquence d’un différentiel salarial intersectoriel (en supposant l’existence d’une borne plus basse des taux salariaux à cause de la considération de subsistence). Les propositions suivantes sont déri-vées de l’investigation, (1) Une économie caractérisée par un différentiel salarial peut transformer elle-même dans une économie de salaire minimum de subsistence. En conséquence il y a des forces automatiques menant le système d’un type de cadre distors (différentiels salariaux) à un autre type de cadre distors (salaire minimum de subsistence). (2) Une économie caractérisée par un différentiel salarial peut arriver à une solution de ?first best? via l’opération des deux types du progrès technique, viz. (a) le progrès technique induit par le différentiel salarial intersectoriel et (b) le type du progrès technique de Kennedy. La littérature sur les différentiels salariaux et le commerce extérieur a princi-palement exploré les conséquences d’un taux salarial fixé exogènement qui n’interagit pas avec les paramètres du modèle et c’est pourquoi a négligé l’étude des mécanismes automatiques qui peuvent éliminer le différentiel salarial. Ce papier est une contri-bution mineure de remplir la lacune dans la littérature sur les différentiels salariaux et le commerce extérieur.

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Resumen La teoría de los salarios diferenciales, progreso técnico inducido y la teoría pura del comercio internacional. — En la literatura sobre la teoría de los salarios diferenciales y el comercio international, la diferencia salarial se considera generalmente como exógena y la posición inicial como una posición de equilibrio. El presente artículo se aleja de esta práctica general y considera la situación inicial como una posición de desequilibrio. Se construye un modelo en que el progreso técnico se produce como una consecuencia del salario difenrencial intersectorial (asumiendo la existencia de un límite aún inferior para las tasas salariales determina-das por la consideratión de subsistencia). Las proposiciones siguientes emergen de la investigación. (1) Una economía caracterizada por una diferencia salarial puede transformarse en una economía de salarios mínimos de subsistencia. De tal manera existen fuerzas automáticas que llevan el sistema de un tipo de marco distorsionador (salarios diferenciales) a otro tipo de marco distorsionador (salarios minimos de subsistencia). (2) Una economía caracterizada por salarios diferenciales puede alcanzar una solución first best via la operación de dos tipos de progresos técnicos, (a) progreso técnico inducido por el diferencial salarial intersectorial y (b) el tipo Kennedy de progreso técnico. La literatura sobre salarios diferenciales y comercio se ha preocupado en su mayor parte de la exploración de las consecuencias de una tasa salarial fijada exó-genamente que no interactúa con los parámetros del modelo, no habiéndole dado la debida importancia al estudio de mecanismos automáticos que pueden ser capaces de remover las diferencias salariales. Este artículo es una contribución menor hacia el relleno de la laguna en la literatura sobre salarios diferenciales y comercio.

     

Recreating and extending Japanese automobile buyer'supplier links in north America

We compare buyer'supplier links established by pairs of Japanese-owned automobile assemblers and component manufacturers operating in Japan and in North America during 1989-90. Eight assemblers and more than 170 Japanese component manufacturers had established North American manufacturing facilities. In total, Japanese automobile assembly organizations operating in North America had recreated about a quarter of their Japanese supply links. The suppliers that set up North American facilities had recreated almost 60 percent of their links with traditional buyers and formed more than 16 percent of the possible extension links with new assembler partners. We identify several economic and organizational factors that influence whether an existing buyer'supplier link will be recreated in a new location and whether firms that do not have a buyer'supplier relationship at home will form an extension link in the new location. We find that the presence of a long-term buyer'supplier relationship, buyer and supplier entry timing to the new location, the joint venture status of the buyer, supplier size, and the breadth of a supplier's sales base in the home market influence the likelihood that links will be recreated and extension links will be formed.     

Entry timing,exploration, and firm survival in the early U.S. bicycle industry

We explore the relationship between a firm's entry timing and its probability of surviving the early, uncertain period of its industry, and consider the trade‐off between entering early and potentially establishing a strong position in the industry vs. waiting until technological uncertainty is reduced. We hypothesize that, owing to inertial forces, firms that enter the industry at the earliest point in its history are least likely to make the conversion to the product generation that becomes the dominant design in the industry. Exploration through the introduction of new products appears to reflect a local search process and retards the transition to the dominant design. We also hypothesize that, though firms entering early may exhibit longer life spans, their advantages are limited to the period before the emergence of the dominant design. We test our hypotheses in the early U.S. bicycle industry, and find evidence consistent with the idea that inertia limits firms' abilities to make the transition between generations of product configurations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Effect of Rebate and Loan Incentives on Residential Heat Pump Adoption: Evidence from North Carolina

Environmental and Resource Economics - Electrification can promote deep decarbonization to tackle climate change with a cleaner power grid. Electric heat pumps provide a feasible and...     

Charisma Suffocating Creativity

Charisma is perceived as one of the most cherished and desirable qualities for organizational success. A charismatic leader inspires and motivates members to produce creative ideas. The problem with a charismatic leader is charisma itself. The current paper describes and explains the effects of charisma on charismatic leaders and followers with the hope that it may elicit introspection among organizations regarding the role charisma may play.     

Information Asymmetry and Organizational Structure: Evidence from REITs

We test for the differences in information asymmetry across two organizational forms (external and internal) in the REIT industry. We find significant differences with external REITs being significantly more transparent relative to internal REITs, and these differences are reflected in the loan contract terms and loan syndicate structure of loans made to these two types of REITs. We find that the relatively more transparent externally advised REITs are offered more favourable loan contracts in terms of lower loan rates and lower likelihood of collateral requirement. Further, loans to external REITs have syndicates that are larger in size and the lead lender retains a smaller portion of the loan, reflecting lower information asymmetry.     

Multiple-Category Decision-Making: Review and Synthesis

In many purchase environments, consumers use information from a number of product categories prior to making a decision. These purchase situations create dependencies in choice outcomes across categories. As such, these decision problems cannot be easily modeled using the single-category, single-choice paradigm commonly used by researchers in marketing. We outline a conceptual framework for categorization, and then discuss three types of cross-category dependence: cross-category consideration cross-category learning, and product bundling. We argue that the key to modeling choice dependence across categories is knowledge of the goals driving consumer behavior.     

Illegal Migration, Border Enforcement, and Growth

This paper analyzes the economic consequences of illegal migrants in the context of a model of trade and growth. In the model, capital and domestic labor are mobile sectors while illegal migrants are sector-specific. These assumptions give rise to a production possibility curve (with migrants) that lies partially inside the zero migration production possibility frontier. It is this feature of the model which generates ambiguous results regarding the relation betweendomestic welfare, illegal migrants, and enforcement. The steady-state growth path with migrants may lie above or below the balanced growth path without migrants.