MIGRATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN BRAZIL: EMPIRICAL APPLICATIONS BASED ON THE SOLOW‐SWAN MODEL

The paper addresses the question of whether migration plays a role in the determination of the per capita incomes in sub‐regions of Brazil. In order to discuss this relationship, we slightly modified the Solow‐Swan model with migration to better resemble the Brazilian context. Based on this model, we determined theoretically five different possibilities for the spatial dynamics regarding net migration, human capital differentials between migrants and nonmigrants, and capital stock per effective worker. We applied this framework to census data and the microregions in Brazil were empirically classified in one or other of these possibilities with the multivariate technique of cluster analysis. Finally, we used econometric models with instrumental variables applied to panel data and observed a tendency of increase in the variability of per capita income due to migration.     

HYSTERESIS HYPOTHESIS IN UNEMPLOYMENT AND LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES: EVIDENCE FROM AUSTRALIAN STATES AND TERRITORIES *

This article simultaneously investigates the hysteresis hypothesis of unemployment and labour force participation using regional level data in Australia. The conventional univariate and panel unit root tests indicate that the hysteresis hypothesis cannot be rejected for most of the regions in Australia. To further confirm if the hysteresis finding in unemployment and labour force participation results from not considering structural breaks. We employ a panel stationarity test recently developed by Carrion‐i‐Silvestre et al. (2005 ), which considers multiple structural breaks and cross‐sectional dependence. The test results lend support for unemployment hysteresis and participation regime‐wise stationarity. Accordingly, the findings imply that a temporary shock may have permanent effects on the unemployment rate but not on labour force participation in Australia and thus call for policies aimed at improving the adjustment mechanism in unemployment.     

What Questions Do Board Members in Public Service Organizations Ask about Executive Compensation?

The purpose of this study is to investigate the governance questions that board members in public service organizations ask as they go about fulfilling their responsibilities for the oversight of executive compensation. We investigate the usage and perceived importance by board members of the 24 questions proposed by the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants that directors should ask about executive compensation. The study is based on a usable sample of 47 board members from public service organizations who attended a Canadian director training program. Our results suggest that the recommended executive compensation governance questions are not being asked with the same frequency or considered equally important by board members of public service organizations. Furthermore, the correlation between a question’s usage frequency and its perceived importance was not perfect. However, there appears to be a significantly positive relationship among the number of executive compensation governance questions asked and selected elements of a board’s governance structure.     

Compensation Policy and Quit Rates: A Multilevel Approach Using Benchmarking Data

Using unique linked employee–employer benchmarking data, the paper estimates the impact of compensation policy on quit rates using multilevel models. The analysis examines several aspects of an organization’s compensation policy with a focus on the effect of pay dispersion between employees at the same level in the firm hierarchy, as well as pay dispersion throughout the hierarchy. Overall, the results indicate that firms with egalitarian pay structures have lower quit rates, a finding that is robust to a large set of empirical specifications.     

East-West Airlines' Sydney-Melbourne Service: Market Expansion or Demand Diversion?

Data on 1278 flights on the East-West Airlines Sydney-Albury-Melbourne services, beginning when the Sydney-Melbourne excursion fare was first offered, are used to estimate three demand curves for the jointly provided services. The elasticities of demand for the Sydney-Melbourne service suggest it expanded the market as much as it attracted passengers from the trunk carriers. The econometric problem of joint estimation with censored dependent variables should be of general interest.     

城乡物流一体化背景下供应链协同管理研究

供应链协同是增强供应链整体竞争的重要手段。城乡物流一体化下供应链具有复杂性、动态性和离散性的特点。为改善城乡供应链的协同效果,文章从战略层、管理层及操作层三个层面提出了供应链协同的管理对策。     

From Agrarian Reform to Ethnodevelopment in the Highlands of Ecuador

Through an examination of interventions in the agrarian structures and rural society of the Ecuadorian Andes over the past 40 years, this article explores the gradual imposition of a particular line of action that separates rural development from the unresolved question of the concentration of land ownership and wealth among the very few. This imposition has been the consequence, it is argued, of the new development paradigms implemented in Andean peasant communities since the end of land reform in the 1970s. The new paradigms emphasize identity and organizational aspects of indigenous populations at the expense of anything connected with the class‐based campesinista agenda, which was still operational in the indigenous movement in the early 1990s. The essay concludes with some thoughts on the remarkable parallels between the 1990s neoliberal and counter‐reformist models of action, and the pre‐reformist indigenist policies of the period that ended in the 1960s.     

PRODUCT MARKET COMPETITION AND AGENCY COSTS*

We model the effects of competition on managerial efficiency and isolate the agency effect of competition, present only in firms subject to agency costs, from the direct pressure effect of competition, which is present in all firms. Using a unique set of Canadian data that surveys both firms and their employees, we then evaluate the empirical significance of these two effects. We find that competition has a significant direct pressure effect as well as a significant agency effect. Both effects increase the importance firms place on quality improvements and cost reductions as well as on contractual incentives and employee effort.     

Relative Incentives and Trade Strategies: Typologies and Possibilities*

The paper investigates trade strategy classification within a general equilibrium framework which includes both tradeables and non-tradeables. In a three-sector model there is apparently a wider range of trade strategies available than in the traditional two-sector model. Besides pure import-substitution (IS) and export promotion (EP) policies, mixed IS/EP policies might seek (ex ante) to create a protradeables bias rather than approximate neutrality. However, the ex-post outcome depends upon the substitution, complementarity and/or income effects of commercial policies on equilibrium relative prices. The paper demonstrates that the actual change in the incentive structure may differ from the intended strategy.