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91.
This note reinforces the results in a paper by Sen (International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol. 11, 1993, pp. 123–37). It is shown that his assumption that the incentive schemes in a two‐period model are the same for the two periods is not necessary for the results: only the long‐term nature of contracts with managers matters. 相似文献
92.
Competitiveness, resources, and capabilities: empirical evidence from retail banking 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This research aims to identify and measure bank employee perceptions of the determinants of competitiveness in terms of resources,
skills, and capabilities within the retail banking sector. All the 40 branches of a leading Portuguese bank—the Caixa Geral de Depósitos—operating in two Portuguese districts were surveyed. Our results show that bank competitiveness differs according to performance
evaluation, human resource (HR) planning, the system of incentives, and managerial motivation. They also demonstrate that
human capital is a source of success in the business of banks, which relies heavily on stable and enduring relationships with
customers. The study also provides recommendations for retail bank managers seeking to refine their HR strategies as a means
of improving their competitiveness. 相似文献
93.
This paper proves the generic determinacy of Nash equilibrium in network-formation games: for a generic assignment of utilities to networks, the set of probability distributions on networks induced by Nash equilibria is finite. 相似文献
94.
Stock repurchases by U.S. companies experienced a remarkable surge in the 1980s and ‘90s. Indeed, in 1998, the total value of all stock repurchased by U.S. companies exceeded for the first time the total amount paid out as cash dividends. And the U.S. repurchase movement has gone global in the past few years, spreading not only to Canada and the U.K., but also to countries like Japan and Germany, where such transactions were prohibited until recently. Why are companies buying back their stock in such amounts? After dismissing the popular argument that stock repurchases boost earnings per share, the authors argue that repurchases serve to add value in two main ways: (1) they provide managers with a tax‐efficient means of returning excess capital to shareholders and (2) they allow managers to “signal” to investors their view that the firm is undervalued. Returning excess capital is value‐adding for two reasons: First, it helps prevent companies from pursuing growth and size at the expense of profitability and value. Second, by returning capital to investors, repurchases (like dividends) play the critically important economic function of allowing investors to channel their investment from mature or declining sectors of the economy to more promising ones. But if stock repurchases and dividends serve the same basic economic function, why are repurchases growing more rapidly? Part of the explanation is that, because repurchases are taxed as capital gains and dividends as ordinary income, repurchases are a more tax‐efficient way of distributing excess capital. But perhaps even more important than their tax treatment is the flexibility that (at least) open market repurchases provide corporate managers‐flexibility to make small adjustments in capital structure, to exploit (or correct) perceived undervaluation of the firm's shares, and possibly even to increase the liquidity of the stock, which could be particularly valuable in bear markets. For U.S. regulators, the growth in open market stock repurchases raises some interesting issues. Perhaps most important, companies are not required to (and rarely do) furnish their investors with details about a given program's structure, execution method, number of shares repurchased, or even its duration. Policy regulators (and corporate executives as well) should consider some of the benefits provided by other systems, notably Canada's, which provide greater transparency and more guidelines for the repurchase process. 相似文献
95.
This article introduces a data-driven Box–Pierce test for serial correlation. The proposed test is very attractive compared to the existing ones. In particular, implementation of this test is extremely simple for two reasons: first, the researcher does not need to specify the order of the autocorrelation tested, since the test automatically chooses this number; second, its asymptotic null distribution is chi-square with one degree of freedom, so there is no need of using a bootstrap procedure to estimate the critical values. In addition, the test is robust to the presence of conditional heteroskedasticity of unknown form. Finally, the proposed test presents higher power in simulations than the existing ones for models commonly employed in empirical finance. 相似文献
96.
Hansen and Christensen discuss a wide range of current issues regarding the role of emotions in consumer behavior as well as measures of advertising effectiveness. The central theme of the book is the elaboration and application of a new tool to measure the emotional constructions that consumers develop for branded fast moving consumer goods. The authors call this measure NERS, which stands for Net Emotional Response Strength. The book appeals to both intermediate and advanced academic readers due to the comprehensiveness of its literature review and the depth of its theoretical developments. The present essay critically comments the contents of the book and then, based on the context provided by the book, discusses in further detail some salient aspects of the role of emotions in consumer choice that deserve special attention. In particular, it is pointed out how some findings from behavioral decision research could improve the conceptualizations offered by Hansen and Christensen. 相似文献
97.
This paper develops new methods for determining the cointegration rank in a nonstationary fractionally integrated system, extending univariate optimal methods for testing the degree of integration. We propose a simple Wald test based on the singular value decomposition of the unrestricted estimate of the long run multiplier matrix. When the “strength” of the cointegrating relationship is less than 1/2, the test statistic has a standard asymptotic distribution, like Lagrange Multiplier tests exploiting local properties. We consider the behavior of our test under estimation of short run parameters and local alternatives. We compare our procedure with other cointegration tests based on different principles and find that the new method has better properties in a range of situations by using information on the alternative obtained through a preliminary estimate of the cointegration strength. 相似文献
98.
Carlos A. Cinquetti 《Review of International Economics》2008,16(5):904-918
This paper examines an industry‐level model developed to analyze the impact of affiliates of multinational firms (MNFs) on the host country's revealed comparative advantages (RCAs), which predicts that the referred impact is given by both technology service and industry orientation. Based on Brazilian manufacturing industries during the import‐substitution industrialization, panel data estimates show that MNFs negatively affected RCA, which is explained by location advantages in industries presenting comparative disadvantages, as reinforced by a location model. Two other important results are: (i) import protection had a stronger anti‐export effect on multinationals than on national firms; (ii) MNFs were concentrated in industries with lower world‐export growth. 相似文献
99.
This paper addresses the question of what it takes to obtain a well-defined extensive form game. Without relying on simplifying finiteness or discreteness assumptions, we characterize the class of game trees for which all pure strategy combinations induce unique outcomes. The generality of the set-up covers “exotic” cases, like stochastic games or decision problems in continuous time (differential games). We find that the latter class, though a well-defined problem, fails this test. 相似文献
100.
Angeles Fernandez-Izquierdo Juan Carlos Matallin-Saez 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,81(2):247-260
There is currently much debate in the economic literature about whether ethical investment involves a financial sacrifice
or premium. One of the most common methods of testing this compares the financial performance of ethical investment funds
with that of other funds not considered “socially responsible” or ethical. The majority of these research studies evaluate
the performance of the ethical funds according to classic measures, whereby different financial markets, in different countries
and for different periods of time serve as reference for evaluation. The ultimate conclusion of all of these studies is that
there are no significant differences between the performance results of one type of funds and the other. In Spain, ethical
investment funds are still an incipient sector of investment. To date, the Spanish market has not been included in any type
of analysis of these characteristics. Therefore the main objective of this article is to compare the financial performance
of ethical investment funds to that of other funds in the Spanish retail market. We propose the aggregate type of analysis
as the Spanish ethical investment funds have experienced a weaker development in comparison to those of other developed countries.
In the first step we suggest the financial performance to be compared by style analysis since the asset distribution of the
Spanish Social Return Investment (SRI) funds differs from the European trend. In particular, we use the multifactor regression
model with style benchmarks. We found that their financial performance is in all cases superior or similar to that achieved
by the rest of the funds. In the second step, to achieve a more robust and homogeneous comparison, we used the bootstrap method,
comparing ethical and non-ethical fund subsamples by homogeneous groups. No significant differences between these two types
of funds have been found. Thus, if we assume the positive o neutral effect of ethical investment on investor utility in the
retail Spanish market the financial and social performance (FSP) of ethical funds will be, in aggregate, superior to the FSP
achieved by conventional funds. In conclusion, the financial performance of ethical mutual funds in Spain is no sacrifice. 相似文献