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151.
We investigate why real estate investment trusts (REITs) still engage in open-market repurchases given the unique 95 percent
payout requirement. We provide evidence that the motivations for REITs to repurchase stocks are different from those of unregulated
firms found by the existing literature. Instead of using funds from operations, REITs appear to finance stock repurchases
by issuing new debt and/or selling assets and investments. Unlike ordinary corporations, REITs stock repurchases are not motivated
by cash distribution, capital structure, and undervalued equity. However, REITs are more likely to buy back stocks when employees
own a higher level of stock options. Also, we find that REITs are more likely to buy back stocks when they have a higher institutional
ownership and/or inside ownership. 相似文献
152.
This paper considers a linear triangular simultaneous equations model with conditional quantile restrictions. The paper adjusts for endogeneity by adopting a control function approach and presents a simple two-step estimator that exploits the partially linear structure of the model. The first step consists of estimation of the residuals of the reduced-form equation for the endogenous explanatory variable. The second step is series estimation of the primary equation with the reduced-form residual included nonparametrically as an additional explanatory variable. This paper imposes no functional form restrictions on the stochastic relationship between the reduced-form residual and the disturbance term in the primary equation conditional on observable explanatory variables. The paper presents regularity conditions for consistency and asymptotic normality of the two-step estimator. In addition, the paper provides some discussions on related estimation methods in the literature. 相似文献
153.
We propose an optimal filter to transform the Conference Board Composite Leading Index (CLI) into recession probabilities in the US economy. We also analyse the CLI's accuracy at anticipating US output growth. We compare the predictive performance of linear, VAR extensions of smooth transition regression and switching regimes, probit, non‐parametric models and conclude that a combination of the switching regimes and non‐parametric forecasts is the best strategy at predicting both the NBER business cycle schedule and GDP growth. This confirms the usefulness of CLI, even in a real‐time analysis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
154.
近年来,随着互联网的迅速发展和壮大,网络的安全成了迫不及待需要解决的问题。文章分析了目前危害网络安全的一些主要因素和方式,并有针对性地提出了解决网络安全问题的方法和切入点。在利益驱动下,网络安全事故今后将更加频繁、隐蔽和复杂,网络安全问题需要不断的探索并解决。 相似文献
155.
立体停车库及其设计要点 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
解决大、中城市汽车停车难的出路在于建造机械化立体停车库.介绍了各类立体停车库的结构、控制系统及其特点,给出了立体停车库的主要性能指标,并对立体停车库的设计要点进行了探讨 相似文献
156.
For a balanced two-way mixed model, the maximum likelihood (ML) and restricted ML (REML) estimators of the variance components were obtained and compared under the non-negativity requirements of the variance components by L ee and K apadia (1984). In this note, for a mixed (random blocks) incomplete block model, explicit forms for the REML estimators of variance components are obtained. They are always non-negative and have smaller mean squared error (MSE) than the analysis of variance (AOV) estimators. The asymptotic sampling variances of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimators and the REML estimators are compared and the balanced incomplete block design (BIBD) is considered as a special case. The ML estimators are shown to have smaller asymptotic variances than the REML estimators, but a numerical result in the randomized complete block design (RCBD) demonstrated that the performances of the REML and ML estimators are not much different in the MSE sense. 相似文献
157.
Performance lies arise both from individual and from situational causes, but in this article, the attention is on situational causes. These are generally triggered by loyalty to the coalition, which is expressed through the continued use of performance lies. Because performance lies help create a boundary around the coalition that insulates its activities from top management, performance lies enable members of the coalition to exercise a greater degree of internal control. Naturally, such lies are dysfunctional, resulting in the avoidance of difficult issues and problems and compromising the organization's ability to adapt to a changing environment based on accurate information. 相似文献
158.
提高辽阳市园林绿化水平对策研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文在研究总结辽阳市园林绿化成就与经验的基础上 ,分析论证了辽阳市园林绿化建设存在的问题和薄弱环节及其发展目标 ,提出了辽阳市在争创全国卫生模范城的同时 ,如何进一步提高园林绿化水平的主要对策。 相似文献
159.
文中对国际商法从古代商法、中世纪商人法到近代商法国内化以及现代商人法的历史演进过程进行研究,并从纵向和横向的角度解读了国际商法的发展带给我们的启示。 相似文献
160.
In recent papers, Moon and Choi (1998) and Hariga and Ben-Daya (1999)considered a continuous review inventory model with a mixture of backordersand lost sales in which the lead time, the order quantity, and the reorder pointare decision variables was studied. Moreover, they also develop a minimaxdistribution free procedure for the problem. While the demands of differentcustomers are not identical in the lead time, then we can't only use a singledistribution (such as Moon & Choi (1998) and Hariga & Ben-Daya (1999))to describe the demand of the lead time. Hence, we correct and extend the modelof Moon and Choi (1998) and Hariga and Ben-Daya (1999) by considering thelead time demand with the mixture of distributions. In addition, we also applythe minimax mixture of distributions free approach to the model by simultaneouslyoptimizing the order quantity, the reorder point, and the lead time to devise a practical procedure which can be used without specific information on demand distribution. 相似文献