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81.
This study analyzes environmental regulations and trade performance in manufacturing sectors under static and dynamic conditions. We investigate environmental innovation induced by environmental regulations and the spillover effect on manufacturing sectors, determine whether the spillover effect offsets any negative effect found under static conditions and analyze environmental regulations on the import side. For this, we formulate a trade model that incorporates the environmental innovation equation. We analyze environmental tax, energy tax and the Emissions Trading System (ETS) using strong, balanced panel data from 19 OECD countries for 1996–2009. The results reveal that the static effect of energy tax on exports is negative, but the dynamic effect is positive; however, the positive effect does not offset the negative effect. In short, environmental tax and energy tax decrease the international competitiveness of the manufacturing sectors. Environmental tax and energy tax limit imports, especially in the high‐energy consumption group. The analyses of the ETS further complicate the overall picture. It shows that the further research on the effects of ETS on manufacturing firms' competitiveness over their foreign competitors in the global is required. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment 相似文献
82.
Grossman and Helpman highlighted a political framework to internalize inefficiency incurred due to unilateral trade policy implementation by sovereign countries. This paper extensively adopts their framework to explore the effects of special interest politics on governments under negotiation to forge international environmental standards to control global emission. Particular attention is given to a case in which negotiation is driven by transferring the abatement technology. Within a specific factor model of international trade, improving the abatement efficiency through technology transfer can give the most mutually beneficial outcome, achieving the lowest level of global pollution compared to other political benchmarks. 相似文献
83.
This paper explores the effect of software intellectual property rights (IPRs) on the performance of software firms in South Korea using the statistics of software copyright registrations and patent applications along with the financial statements of firms. According to our empirical results, R&D and software R&D input has a strong positive effect on the production of software copyrights and patents, and large firms exploit software IPRs better than small firms. We also found that there are quite different trends in the selection of the legal means of protection; firms in the software industry prefer to copyrighting, whereas firms in the manufacturing industry prefer to patenting. In addition, software copyrighting has a positive effect on software revenue and total revenue of firms, but software patenting fails to show a positive effect on software revenue. Consequently, in contrast to the prevailing consensus indicating a high preference for patenting, it is obvious in our analysis that software copyrighting is more beneficial for software firms. 相似文献
84.
This paper studies the equilibrium of an exchange economy with the same number of agents and commodities. It is shown that
under rather mild conditions on demand the market have a price equilibrium—independently of the divisibility of the commodities.
The result extends Gale’s equilibrium theorem for indivisible commodities to the case where some commodities are perfectly
divisible. The proof is based on a topological lemma contained in previous paper of one of the authors. 相似文献
85.
This paper compares the effect of tariffs and that of equivalent quotas on the domestic firm’s production technology choice when it competes with a foreign firm in the domestic market. It is shown that under Bertrand price competition, the ranking of technology under tariff protection and quota protection is ambiguous, as it depends on the relative strength of the strategic vs output effects. The equivalent quota regime can generate a higher‐technology (implying a lower production cost) choice than the tariff regime if the strategic effect dominates the output effect. In contrast, the technology level is necessarily higher under the tariff regime than under the equivalent quota regime when the firms engage in Cournot quantity competition. 相似文献
86.
This article examines and extends the notion of voluntary simplifiers (VS). VS are individuals who have freely chosen a frugal, anticonsumer lifestyle that features low resource use and environmental impact. The article will begin by reviewing empirical work with VS and their mainstream counterparts, non‐voluntary simplifiers (NVS). It will go on to identify and locate within this literature an intermediate group: beginner voluntary simplifiers (BVS). BVS may support some aspects of sustainability (such as buying fair‐trade coffee or recycling domestic waste) without either embracing a complete lifestyle change like VS, or completely dismissing ethical or environ‐mental features of products and services they consume, like NVS. Insight into the complex decision‐making processes of BVS is crucial for the understanding of the concept of voluntary simplification and is therefore important for the advancement of sustainable consumption. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
87.
88.
The interaction of major resources and their influence on waiting times in a multi-stage restaurant 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of major resources on multi-stage waiting times and their interactions on waiting times. The simulation study showed that each resource influenced waiting for different service stages and that interaction among the multi resources occurred. The results implied that the simultaneous increase in the levels of two resources had a synergistic effect on reducing waiting times for some stages. However, for some resources, the simultaneous increase in the resource levels did not help reduce waiting times when the increase in one resource type overwhelmed the other resource's function. 相似文献
89.
John H. Nachbar Bruce C. Petersen Inhak Hwang 《The Journal of industrial economics》1998,46(3):317-332
Although economists usually support the unrestricted entry of firms into an industry, entry may lower social welfare if there are setup costs or if entrants have a cost disadvantage. We consider the welfare effects of entry within a standard Cournot model where some of an incumbent firm’s costs are sunk. We find that the range of parameter values over which entry can harm welfare declines monotonically in the fraction of cost that are sunk. Furthermore, the presence of even a small fraction of sunk costs often reverses an assessment that entry harms welfare. 相似文献
90.
The choice of entry mode into a foreign market has a major impact on the success of a firm's international operations. However, the existing literature on the entry mode decision has either presented a list of considerations without identifying underlying constructs, or treated each entry decision in isolation. Here, a unifying framework is developed. This framework identifies three underlying constructs that influence the entry mode decision. These constructs are linked to considerations that have been previously discussed in the literature. It is argued that a firm's choice of entry mode depends on the strategic relationship the firm envisages between operations in different countries. A particular entry decision cannot be viewed in isolation. It must be considered in relation to the overall strategic posture of the firm. Further, the paper argues that different variables often suggest different entry modes, and that resolving these differences involves accepting trade-offs. 相似文献