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121.
The European Union Eighth Directive on the approval of auditors covers auditor independence only to a very limited extent. The provisions in the five articles on this subject are far less detailed than they were in the drafts of the directive, so that almost all specific regulation is left to the Member States. An examination of the development of the articles dealing with independence and integrity shows how the need to compromise, in order to reach an agreement, frustrated the intentions of the harmonizers. This paper traces the development of the independence rules in the Eighth Directive from the avant projet through the drafts to the final directive. It assesses the extent to which pre-Eighth Directive regulation in the UK and Germany may have affected the directive and then examines the implementation of the directive in the two countries. It concludes that national culture and accounting traditions prevented harmonization of independence rules through the Eighth Directive. 相似文献
122.
Persistent and Consistent Poverty in the 1994 and 1995 Waves of the European Community Household Panel Survey 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Richard Lyte Bertrand Maître Brian Nolan & Christopher T. Whelan 《Review of Income and Wealth》2001,47(4):427-449
This paper focuses on the mismatch between income and deprivation measures of poverty. Using the first two waves of the European Community Household Panel Survey, a measure of relative deprivation is constructed and the overlap between the relative income poor and relatively deprived is examined. There is very limited overlap with the lowest relative income threshold. The overlap increases as the income threshold is raised, but it remains true that less than half those below the 60 percent relative income line are among the most deprived. Relative deprivation is shown to be related to the persistence of income poverty, but also to a range of other resource and need factors. Income and deprivation measures each contain information that can profitably be employed to enhance our understanding of poverty and a range of other social phenomena. This is illustrated by the manner in which both income poverty and relative deprivation are associated with self-reported difficulty making ends meet. 相似文献
123.
Ethical lapses by employees can put organizations at substantial risk. Although improved compliance procedures can help limit this risk, successful efforts must extend beyond compliance to build a culture of organizational integrity. Recent changes in regulatory requirements and more stringent sentencing guidelines demand an integrated approach to ethical awareness, one that encompasses the four organizational practices of controls, clearly defined principles and purpose, core values, and culture. Inevitably, the most difficult of these is building a culture of high ethical standards that are reflected in day-to-day practice. To overcome the barriers to building organizational integrity, leaders must question key organizational practices while constructing a culture based on ethical behaviors. 相似文献
124.
125.
Christopher Lloyd 《Australian economic history review》1998,38(3):280-305
Why is Australia so little known about and studied in the United States when prima facie it is one of the best comparators for America; and why do Australian comparativists often ignore the American case? The discourse of difference has predominated in America rather than the discourse of similarity. But in Australia the opposite has been true. Here an equally powerful theme has been one of searching for comparisons, similarities, and generalities between Australia and other nations and societies. Through thinking about answers to these questions, partly via a discussion of some recent writing on America and Australia, this essay argues a case for the necessity for comparison within a world history perspective. More particularly, it argues that American intellectuals and journalists should pay more attention to comparators like Australia since its similarity with America affords valuable insights into American history, politics, economy, society, and institutions, just as the converse has proven to be valuable. 相似文献
126.
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) dramatically changed the availability of food stamps to immigrants, but not to refugees. However, refugee usage of food stamps in the post-reform era has declined more than usage of either other immigrants or native citizens. We investigate food stamp program participation of immigrants and refugees to ascertain if the resulting decline was an unintended effect of the reform or is due to some other phenomena. We use data from the Immigration and Naturalization Service to construct an instrument for refugees. We find that refugees are more likely than other immigrants to use food stamps. While PRWORA clearly reduced non-refugee immigrant food stamp participation, the post-reform era decline in refugee usage is fully attributable to a strong refugee response to changing labor market conditions. We also find that refugees' use of food stamps declines rapidly with time in the United States, unlike that of other immigrants. 相似文献
127.
This paper evaluates a range of inherent conflicts characteristic of the marketing/accounting interface. It addresses the problems which accountants face when budgeting expenditures for brand management or when attempting to assess the value of brand equity. Dimensions of brand performance are outlined, as are the management processes underpinning their creation and sustenance. A brand value budgeting perspective is proposed which integrates these processes within a framework linking marketing assets to the generation of cumulative strategic value. 相似文献
128.
Positioning the World Bank 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Christopher Gilbert rew Powell & David Vines 《Economic journal (London, England)》1999,109(459):598-633
This article examines the rationale for the World Bank and explores whether its objective is best served by its current mix of activities. We are critical of the Bank's reliance on conditionality, and advocate evolution into a Knowledge Bank, which would lend with few conditions to countries with good policies and good institutions, and would concentrate on the provision of knowledge and technical assistance, rather than lending, in countries where the policy framework is poor. We also advocate an expansion in the Bank's role as a provider of global public goods; we critically examine the Banks role in relation to financial crises. 相似文献
129.
Christopher C. Moore Daniel J. Phaneuf Walter N. Thurman 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,50(1):1-26
In this article we evaluate a US Forest Service plan to mitigate damages from an invasive insect on public, forested land.
We develop a dynamic model of infestation and control to explicitly account for biological interactions, baseline conditions,
and uncertainty, thus creating a more complete picture of policy impacts than a static cost benefit analysis could provide.
We combine the results of the dynamic model with an empirical study of nonmarket forest benefits to create a bioeconomic model
of ecosystem management. Estimating the empirical model in a Bayesian framework allows us to treat the economic coefficients
of the dynamic model as random variables. We specify distributions for the biological parameters and examine the effects of
both biological and economic uncertainty on the predictive distribution of net benefits. We find that the net benefits of
the program are positive, and that uncertainty in the biological model contributes substantially more to the variance of our
estimate than does uncertainty over the valuation of the resource. 相似文献
130.
The impact of labour market structures on the response of inflation to macroeconomic shocks is analysed empirically. Results based on a 20‐country panel show that if labour market coordination is high, the effect on inflation of movements in unemployment, import prices, tax rates and productivity is dampened, both on impact and dynamically. In contrast, monopoly power in labour supply, measured by the percentage unionisation of the workforce, appears to amplify the response of inflation to its reduced‐form determinants. These findings are attributed to the behaviour of wages following movements in demand‐ and supply‐side conditions. 相似文献