Plant modifications: Maintain your mechanical integrity

Upon initial review of the proposed subject, Plant Modifications and Mechanical Integrity, there is a bit of a disappointment, a lot of the subject matter can easily be placed under the heading “Common Sense.” However, after reviewing successes and failures in this area one finds that common sense may not be as common as one would like. While the successes are much more frequent than the failures, the failures tend to overwhelm the impact of the successes.     

Consumer Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Bundled Fresh Produce Claims at Farmers’ Markets

This study uses a conditional logit with systematically varying parameters model to analyze consumer survey data collected at farmers’ markets in Utah. The purpose of this study is to examine consumption preferences and willingness to pay for differentiated fresh produce among farmers’ market shoppers in Utah. Three primary differentiating claims, namely conventionally grown of unknown origin, conventionally grown local (in-state), and organically grown of unknown origin, are investigated. Results indicate that consumer preferences and willingness to pay are higher for the conventionally grown local origin claim, emphasizing the importance of local origin labeling for directed marketed fresh produce. This claim was especially preferred among frequent farmers’ market shoppers and those who spend above average. Those who receive WIC and/or food stamp benefits show lower preferences for fresh produce. The shoppers are significantly sensitive to price increases. This study implies that marketing strategies and policy regulations aiming at promoting local, organic, labeling, and reinforcing repeated farmers’ market customers can positively impact purchasing preferences and willingness to pay for production-method-based and origin labeled products.     

Assessing sustainable food behaviours of national park visitors: domestic/on vocation linkages,and their implications for park policies

This study compares the “at-home” and “while travelling” sustainable food practices of national park visitors in the US Intermountain West through an in-person survey. Results show that tourist's sustainable food practices do not carry over into their national park experience. Specifically, they shop for and consume fewer local foods and participate in fewer food-related activities when travelling, such as farmers' market and local farm visits. When divided into groups of low, medium and high sustainable food practices at home, the medium and high-level groups exhibited a significant reduction in sustainable food practices while travelling. This likely stems from poor promotion of local foods and food related events, lack of linkages between the tourism and food industries, as well as limited recognition of local food labelling schemes and interest in local culture by visitors. These results imply that local foods and culinary experiences do not currently play an essential role in national park experiences in the US Intermountain West. It raises important questions. Is there a link between sustainability practices at home and when on vacation? Should national park managements widen their environmental remits by becoming involved in local food production and promotional practices?     

DUMMY VARIABLES: AN APPLICATION IN CATTLE PRICE ANALYSIS

Price variation demands the attention of most Alberta cattle producers and marketing agents. This study sought to identify and measure the effects of certain pertinent variables in the marketing system. Cattle prices on different markets–terminals and auctions–were compared. Comparisons in pricing among three different areas–namely, the Grande Prairie region, Central Alberta, and Southern Alberta–were also drawn. Among the variables hypothesized affecting cattle prices, class, grade, and weight were most important for both feeder and slaughter cattle. Low prices were associated with the presence of horns and also with a “full” condition. Producers, therefore, stand to gain by paying attention to “fill,” dehorning, and castration of male calves. An official grading system for feeder cattle should be instituted, and the optimum weights at which to sell feeder and slaughter cattle should be ascertained. La variation des prix est une préoccupation importante pour tous ceux qui sont concernés par la raise en marché du boeuf, qu'il s'agisse des éleveurs, ou des agences de raise en marché. Cette étude vise à identifier certains facteurs, et à en mesurer ?influence sur la mise en marché. On a compareé les prix du bétail dans les grands pares publics et dans les encans locaux. Pour fins de comparaison, une liste de prix a été dressée pour les trois régions suivantes: Grande Prairie, le centre ainsi que le sud de ?Alberta. Parmi les facteurs affectant le prix du bétail, on remarque que la classe, la catégoire et le poids, sont ceux qui influencent le plus le prix des bovins. ?étude a démontré que généralement les prix sont plus éléves pour les animaui sans comes et à jeun au moment de la vente. Les élevéurs auraient done avantage à?mineur la nourriture avant la vente. Il serait preferable aussi ?enlever les comes et le castrer les veaux males. On devrait aussi instituter un systéme officiel de classification des bovins ?engraissement, qui serait utile pour déterminer les poids optima de vente des bovins ?engraissement et du bétail destiné aux abattoirs.     

Making decisions affecting oneself versus others: The effect of interpersonal closeness and Dark Triad traits

Actions that financially benefit one person may present risk to another person. For example, the payment incentives of portfolio managers and investors are often asymmetrical such that actions that benefit a portfolio manager can pose financial risk to clients. Despite the presence and potential harm of these asymmetries, few have addressed the question of who exploits these asymmetries and how to mitigate potential harm. Our study examined the effect of selfish personality traits (the Dark Triad) and interpersonal bonding on decision-making for the self, another person, and another person with under reward asymmetry present. Results demonstrated that individuals higher in narcissism and psychopathy made risky decisions for themselves. However, when reward asymmetries were present, all three Dark Triad traits were associated with making riskier decisions for another person in order to benefit the self. There was also a significant interaction between interpersonal closeness generated through bonding and psychopathy such that bonding made the decision-making processes of those high in psychopathy less risky for others. These findings have implications for how different individuals with different relationships make self and other-based financial decisions, and how those decisions change when rewards are asymmetrical.     

Investigating cost non-attendance as a driver of inflated welfare estimates in mixed-logit models

Choice models are used by applied economists for many purposes, such as non-market valuation or estimating willingness to pay for novel food and product attributes. Mixed-logit models allow researchers to account for preference heterogeneity and complex decision-making processes when modelling choices. In mixed-logit models, parameters of monetary attributes such as prices typically are assumed to follow a negative lognormal random distribution to ensure that the marginal utility of a price increase is strictly negative. However, this practice can cause means and standard deviations of welfare estimates to ‘explode’ to unfeasibly large levels, as the model assumes there are some marginal utilities of cost approaching zero. This paper examines whether cost non-attendance, which occurs when respondents ignore costs in stated-preference studies, could be a cause of inflated welfare estimates when a lognormal cost parameter is used. A two-class equality-constrained latent-class model is proposed, in which the cost parameter is fixed at zero for a cost non-attender class and is specified as a random lognormal parameter for cost attenders. This proposed model produces mean welfare estimates that are 17 times lower than a mixed-logit model with a lognormal cost parameter, and 10% lower than a model with a non-random cost parameter. These results suggest that cost non-attendance can result in inflated welfare estimates when employing a lognormal cost parameter, and that accounting for cost non-attendance could be a simple, parsimonious solution to this problem.