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991.
The stock of sovereign debt is typically measured at face value. Defined as the undiscounted sum of future principal repayments, face values are misleading when debts are issued with different contractual forms or maturities. In this paper, we construct alternative measures of the stock of external sovereign debt for 100 developing countries from 1979 through 2006 that correct for differences in contractual form and maturity. We show that our alternative measures: (1) paint a very different quantitative, and in some cases also qualitative, picture of the stock of developing country external sovereign debt; (2) often invert rankings of indebtedness across countries, which historically defined eligibility for debt forgiveness; (3) indicate that the empirical performance of the benchmark quantitative model of sovereign debt deteriorates by roughly 50% once model-consistent measures of debt are used; (4) show how the spread of aggregation clauses in debt contracts that award creditors voting power in proportion to the contractual face value may introduce inefficiencies into the process of restructuring sovereign debts; and (5) illustrate how countries have manipulated their debt issuance to meet fiscal targets written in terms of face values. 相似文献
992.
This study furthers the research agenda on Porter's generic strategies by exploring their implementation by firms that suffer from under representation in the literature. It focuses on agribusinesses based in emerging markets that specialize in high value added products. Relying on information collected through interviews, and a survey with 66 agribusinesses based in eight countries of Latin America, it examines the factors that distinguish firms implementing a differentiation strategy (DS). The findings provide interesting insights for scholars and practitioners alike, illustrating the strategic initiatives that DS firms use to ensure they command higher than average prices. 相似文献
993.
Daniel J. McCarthy Sheila M. Puffer Loren R. Graham Daniel M. Satinsky 《Thunderbird国际商业评论》2014,56(3):243-260
This article investigates Russia's historical and current innovation initiatives through the lens of institutional theory, utilizing the triple‐helix innovation model, which we have extended to include the context of Russian culture. The Russian government has embarked upon a national innovation policy and has committed billions of dollars with the goal of developing a knowledge‐based economy to enhance participation in the global arena, while simultaneously diversifying away from energy and natural resources. Historically, Russia has typically not succeeded with innovation beyond the idea, and sometimes product development, stages. Our primary conclusion is that the inadequacy of formal and informal institutional support has created historical barriers in Russia, some of which are currently being addressed to develop an innovation ecosystem encompassing a more supportive institutional infrastructure. The article concludes with implications for US firms and universities involved with innovation activities in Russia. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
994.
Dr. Christoph Goebel Prof.?Dr. Hans-Arno Jacobsen Victor del Razo Mag.? Christoph Doblander Dipl.-Ing. Jose Rivera Dipl-Inform.?Wirt Jens Ilg Dr. Christoph Flath Prof.?Dr. Hartmut Schmeck Prof.?Dr. Christof Weinhardt Dipl-Inform. Daniel Pathmaperuma Prof.?Dr. Dr.?h.?c. Hans-Jürgen Appelrath Prof.?Dr. Michael Sonnenschein Prof.?Dr. Sebastian Lehnhoff Prof.?Dr. Oliver Kramer Prof.?Dr. Thorsten Staake Prof.?Dr. Elgar Fleisch Prof.?Dr. Dirk Neumann Prof.?Dr. Jens Strüker Dr. Koray Erek Prof.?Dr. Rüdiger Zarnekow Dr. Holger Ziekow Prof.?Dr. J?rg L?ssig 《Business & Information Systems Engineering》2014,6(1):25-31
Due to the increasing importance of producing and consuming energy more sustainably, Energy Informatics (EI) has evolved into a thriving research area within the CS/IS community. The article attempts to characterize this young and dynamic field of research by describing current EI research topics and methods and provides an outlook of how the field might evolve in the future. It is shown that two general research questions have received the most attention so far and are likely to dominate the EI research agenda in the coming years: How to leverage information and communication technology (ICT) to (1) improve energy efficiency, and (2) to integrate decentralized renewable energy sources into the power grid. Selected EI streams are reviewed, highlighting how the respective research questions are broken down into specific research projects and how EI researchers have made contributions based on their individual academic background. 相似文献
995.
Gerald C. Nelson Dominique van der Mensbrugghe Helal Ahammad Elodie Blanc Katherine Calvin Tomoko Hasegawa Petr Havlik Edwina Heyhoe Page Kyle Hermann Lotze‐Campen Martin von Lampe Daniel Mason d'Croz Hans van Meijl Christoph Müller John Reilly Richard Robertson Ronald D. Sands Christoph Schmitz Andrzej Tabeau Kiyoshi Takahashi Hugo Valin Dirk Willenbockel 《Agricultural Economics》2014,45(1):85-101
Agriculture is unique among economic sectors in the nature of impacts from climate change. The production activity that transforms inputs into agricultural outputs involves direct use of weather inputs (temperature, solar radiation available to the plant, and precipitation). Previous studies of the impacts of climate change on agriculture have reported substantial differences in outcomes such as prices, production, and trade arising from differences in model inputs and model specification. This article presents climate change results and underlying determinants from a model comparison exercise with 10 of the leading global economic models that include significant representation of agriculture. By harmonizing key drivers that include climate change effects, differences in model outcomes were reduced. The particular choice of climate change drivers for this comparison activity results in large and negative productivity effects. All models respond with higher prices. Producer behavior differs by model with some emphasizing area response and others yield response. Demand response is least important. The differences reflect both differences in model specification and perspectives on the future. The results from this study highlight the need to more fully compare the deep model parameters, to generate a call for a combination of econometric and validation studies to narrow the degree of uncertainty and variability in these parameters and to move to Monte Carlo type simulations to better map the contours of economic uncertainty. 相似文献
996.
Individual fishing quotas and fishing capacity in the US Gulf of Mexico red snapper fishery
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Daniel Solís Julio del Corral Lawrence Perruso Juan J. Agar 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2015,59(2):288-307
Overcapacity (OC) and excess capacity (EC) are serious obstacles affecting the sound management of commercial fisheries around the world. The use of individual fishing quotas (IFQs) has been proposed as a promising management tool to cope with these challenges. However, the empirical evidence on the efficacy of this instrument is scarce. Drawing on a stochastic distance frontier analysis, we investigate the impact of the US Gulf of Mexico red snapper IFQ program on fishing capacity, capacity utilisation (CU) and OC. The paper also offers an alternative approach to compute species‐specific capacity measurements for multispecies fisheries. Our findings show that following the introduction of the IFQ program, fishing capacity decreased, primarily due to the exit of a large number of fishing vessels. CU increased marginally indicating modest decreases in EC. Conversely, we find that OC remains high. Our estimates suggest that about one‐fifth of the actual fleet could harvest the entire quota. 相似文献
997.
Jay Fabiosa John Beghin Stéphane de Cara Amani Elobeid Cheng Fang Murat Isik Holger Matthey Alexander Saak Pat Westhoff D. Scott Brown Brian Willott Daniel Madison Seth Meyer John Kruse 《Review of Agricultural Economics》2005,27(3):317-335
We investigate the impacts of multilateral removal of all border taxes and farm programs and their distortions on developing economies, using a world agriculture partial equilibrium model. We quantify changes in prices, trade flows, and production locations. Border measures and farm programs both affect world trade, but trade barriers have the largest impact. Following removal, trade expansion is substantial for most commodities, especially dairy, meats, and vegetable oils. Net agricultural and food exporters emerge with expanded exports; net importing countries with limited distortions before liberalization are penalized by higher world prices and reduced imports. We draw implications for current World Trade Organization negotiations. 相似文献
998.
The Contribution of Bioenergy to a New Energy Paradigm 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Biomass is a widely available resource that is receiving increased consideration as a renewable substitute for fossil fuels. Developed sustainably and used efficiently, it can induce growth in developing countries, reduce oil demand, and address environmental problems. The potential benefits include: reduction of greenhouse gases, recuperation of soil productivity and degraded land, economic benefits from adding value to agricultural activities and improving access to and quality of energy services. The production of bioenergy involves a range of technologies, including solid combustion, gasification, and fermentation. These technologies produce energy from a diverse set of biological resources - traditional crops, crop residues, energy-dedicated crops, dung, and the organic component of urban waste. The results are bioenergy products that provide multiple energy services: cooking fuel, heat, electricity and transportation fuels. It is this very diversity that holds the potential of a win-win-win for the environment, social and economic development. Bioenergy has to be viewed not as a replacement for oil, but as an element of a portfolio of renewable sources of energy. Coherent and mutually supportive environmental and economic policies may be needed to encourage the emergence of a globally dispersed bioenergy industry that will pursue a path of sustainable development. 相似文献
999.
Joseph V. Balagtas Aaron Smith Daniel A. Sumner 《American journal of agricultural economics》2007,89(4):839-851
The share of raw milk meeting fluid quality (Grade A) standards in the United States rose steadily through the latter half of the twentieth century, but a shrinking portion of that was used in fluid products. Grade A milk exceeds the quality standards for the manufactured products for which it has been increasingly used. We present an econometric model that exploits regional and temporal variation in policy implementation to identify the effect of marketing orders on the Grade A share of milk. Results support the hypothesis that marketing orders significantly encouraged the growth in the Grade A share of milk. 相似文献
1000.
Karine Daniel 《Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie》2007,55(3):327-347
Nous analysons dans cet article l'impact de l'ouverture des marchés sur la localisation des activités agricoles et agro-alimentaires entre deux régions représentant de manière stylisée l'Union européenne et le reste du monde. L'analyse repose sur un modèle d'économie géographique qui considère certaines caractéristiques de l'agriculture et des marchés de produits alimentaires. Dans un cadre de marché en concurrence monopolistique où les produits sont différenciés horizontalement et verticalement, il apparaît que l'ouverture du marché induit dans tous les cas une baisse de la production communautaire. Seule une forte différentiation des produits selon leur origine géographique permet de limiter cette baisse.
We analyze, in this article, the effect of a liberalization of the markets on the location of agricultural and agro-food activities, between two stylized regions: the European Union and the rest of the world. We build an economic geography model. It considers the specificity of the agricultural activity and the food markets. In a monopolistic competition framework where the products are horizontally and vertically differentiated, we show that the openness of the market induces a decrease of the production in the European Union. Only a strong differentiation of the production according to its geographic origin can limit this effect. 相似文献
We analyze, in this article, the effect of a liberalization of the markets on the location of agricultural and agro-food activities, between two stylized regions: the European Union and the rest of the world. We build an economic geography model. It considers the specificity of the agricultural activity and the food markets. In a monopolistic competition framework where the products are horizontally and vertically differentiated, we show that the openness of the market induces a decrease of the production in the European Union. Only a strong differentiation of the production according to its geographic origin can limit this effect. 相似文献