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971.
Abstract. In this paper, we examine the question of whether a collective activity can influence cooperation in a subsequent repeated one‐shot prisoner's dilemma (PD) game. We conduct two series of experiments. The first consists of control experiments in which 30 periods of a PD game are played, with a random rematching of the pairs in every period. In a second series of experiments, subjects first play a donation game (DG) and then the PD game. In the DG, they collectively discuss the amount of a donation to a given charity, before putting the question to an individual and anonymous vote. Cooperation levels in the PD games preceded by the DG are significantly lower than those observed in the control experiment. 相似文献
972.
Daniel John Zizzo 《International Review of Economics》2011,58(1):91-103
Sharing a common fate with some people but not others may affect how economic agents behave in economic transactions, quite
independently of strategic incentives. We present an experimental test of the effect of perceptions of common fate on the
inducement of economic discrimination in bilateral settings. In settings where the bargaining power was all with one subject
(the dictator game and a ‘unilateral power game’), about half of the subjects engaged in negative discrimination: insiders
were not treated better relative to control sessions, but outsiders were treated worse. Discrimination may be induced by a
more conflictual perception of the decision problem. 相似文献
973.
This study examines the deliberations of professional MBA students when presented with a dilemma that weighs the difference
between commitments to profit- maximization against concerns for fired workers who would need to seek a new job during a recession.
Using content analysis, accounting, economic, and ethically based rationales that differ from the profit-maximizing recommendation
are categorized. Results also show that those who make non-profit-maximizing recommendations consider, but ultimately reject
the profit-maximizing approach to layoffs. 相似文献
974.
The study of emerging industries: Recognizing and responding to some central problems 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The emergence of new industries is an important phenomenon that remains relatively neglected by researchers. We address several theoretical and methodological problems that impede the study of emerging industries. In doing so, we propose that historical archives represent a critical and under-utilized research resource. More generally, we contend that advancing the study of emerging industries will require scholars to develop several distinct categories of research, to make more extensive use of qualitative and historical data, to collaborate across traditional boundaries of domain and method and to engage key practitioners, including professional archivists and institutional entrepreneurs. 相似文献
975.
Motivated by numerical representations of robust utility functionals, due to Maccheroni et al., we study the problem of partially hedging a European option H when a hedging strategy is selected through a robust convex loss functional L(·) involving a penalization term γ(·) and a class of absolutely continuous probability measures . We present three results. An optimization problem is defined in a space of stochastic integrals with value function EH(·) . Extending the method of Föllmer and Leukerte, it is shown how to construct an optimal strategy. The optimization problem EH(·) as criterion to select a hedge, is of a “minimax” type. In the second, and main result of this paper, a dual‐representation formula for this value is presented, which is of a “maxmax” type. This leads us to a dual optimization problem. In the third result of this paper, we apply some key arguments in the robust convex‐duality theory developed by Schied to construct optimal solutions to the dual problem, if the loss functional L(·) has an associated convex risk measure ρL(·) which is continuous from below, and if the European option H is essentially bounded. 相似文献
976.
Improving human capital through knowledge management practices in knowledge-intensive business services 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This article studies how knowledge management (KM) practices improve human capital. We conceptualize KM practices through
six dimensions and test the relationship between each dimension and human capital. The empirical study which was carried out
in Spanish firms belonging to the biotechnology and telecommunications industries shows that introducing KM practices has
a positive impact on the improvement of human capital. In fact, firms that introduce practices related to continuous learning
and the development of an innovative culture that encourages R&D projects improve the skills or abilities of their human capital. 相似文献
977.
The extensive literature on community participation in the targeting and management of humanitarian food assistance suggests that participatory approaches work best in slow-onset emergencies with no conflict or displacement. Yet the policies of many agencies—and compliance with Sphere minimum standards—require that the recipient community participate in decisions about the assistance they receive including targeting, regardless of the causes of the emergency. This paper analyzes current practice in the targeting and management of humanitarian food assistance in complex emergencies, the constraints to recipient communities’ participation, and the possibilities for participatory approaches to improve targeting. 相似文献
978.
We analyze the puzzling behavior of the volatility of individual stock returns over the past few decades. The literature has provided many different explanations to the trend in volatility and this paper tests the viability of the different explanations. Virtually all current theoretical arguments that are provided for the trend in the average level of volatility over time lend themselves to explanations about the difference in volatility levels between firms in the cross-section. We therefore focus separately on the cross-sectional and time-series explanatory power of the different proxies. We fail to find a proxy that is able to explain both dimensions well. In particular, we find that Cao et al. [Cao, C., Simin, T.T., Zhao, J., 2008. Can growth options explain the trend in idiosyncratic risk? Review of Financial Studies 21, 2599-2633] market-to-book ratio tracks average volatility levels well, but has no cross-sectional explanatory power. On the other hand, the low-price proxy suggested by Brandt et al. [Brandt, M.W., Brav, A., Graham, J.R., Kumar, A., 2010. The idiosyncratic volatility puzzle: time trend or speculative episodes. Review of Financial Studies 23, 863-899] has much cross-sectional explanatory power, but has virtually no time-series explanatory power. We also find that the different proxies do not explain the trend in volatility in the period prior to 1995 (R-squared of virtually zero), but explain rather well the trend in volatility at the turn of the Millennium (1995-2005). 相似文献
979.
980.
Kristen?MillerEmail author Daniel?Mont Aaron?Maitland Barbara?Altman Jennifer?Madans 《Quality and Quantity》2011,45(4):801-815
This paper describes the Washington Group project to test a short battery of disability questions developed for national censuses.
The study used an unusually structured cognitive test protocol and was administered to a total of 1,290 respondents selected
from convenience samples in fifteen countries in Central and South America, Asia and Africa. The test protocol consisted of
the six core disability questions followed by questions designed to illustrate: (1) whether core questions were administered
with relative ease; (2) how core questions were interpreted by respondents; (3) the factors considered by respondents when
forming answers to core questions; and (4) the degree of consistency between responses to core questions and a set of more
detailed functioning questions. Additionally, demographic and general health sections allowed for an examination of comparability,
specifically, whether test questions performed consistently across all respondents, or if nationality, education, gender or
socio-economic status impacted the ways in which respondents interpreted or considered each core question. 相似文献