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151.
THEORIES OF CHOICE UNDER IGNORANCE AND UNCERTAINTY 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract. In this paper, Knight's distinction between risk and uncertainty, and its significance for economic analysis are examined. The paper consists of a survey of some recent developments on the theory of choice under uncertainty and some applications of these theories to problems for which Bayesian Decision Theory has not proved entirely satisfactory. Two problems are examined in detail. The first is that of finance and insurance and the second is that of risktaking behaviour with special emphasis on lotteries. 相似文献
152.
Patenting rose sharply during the British Industrial Revolution. Utilizing time series methods, we investigate the causal relationships between 16 industries and patented inventions. The results show that increased patenting was essentially a consequence of fast growth in the cotton, iron, and mining sectors, which increased the value of protecting intellectual property. Conversely, protecting intellectual property was not a cause of the Industrial Revolution. 相似文献
153.
Kenneth Carlaw Les Oxley Paul Walker David Thorns Michael Nuth 《Journal of economic surveys》2006,20(4):633-690
Abstract. This paper explores the debates surrounding whether or not we have now moved into a new knowledge economy and/or knowledge society and if so whether this shift is as significant and as far reaching as the industrial revolution. In this possible transformation the place of information communications technologies has been crucial. Debate has occurred across both economics and sociology with differing emphases as is shown in the ranges of definitions that we review in the paper. One consistent factor is the lack of clarity and consistency between them both within and across the disciplines. In order to explore the issues that the debates raises in a more grounded way, the paper explores them in relation to intellectual property (IP) and the intellectual commons in the process of innovation, growth and economic development. The paper is developed through an analysis first of the industrial revolution and the role within this of uncertainty, technologies, complementarities and elective affinities and the way IP was protected and controlled through patents, secrecy, being first to the market and copyright. The second part of the paper examines definitions of the knowledge economy and society and the role within these of information communication technologies in order to explore whether the ways that IP is protected and controlled have changed. In the debate about the 'knowledge economy and society' the role of innovation via human capital with a greater reliance on intellectual capabilities has been emphasized. The role of IP thus remains central but is now challenged by the rise of new forms of communication, which make its protection harder and move much of the concern with respect to regulation to a global rather than national and local level. 相似文献
154.
155.
Nigel F. Piercy David W. Cravens Nikala Lane Douglas W. Vorhies 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2006,34(2):244-262
Interest in management control approaches and organizational factors associated with higher levels of salesperson performance
is reflected in research streams concerned with behavior-based control strategies and organizational citizenship behaviors
(OCBs). This study makes two distinct additions to the literature relating to control, organizational citizenship behaviors
and salesperson performance. First, the study distinguishes between salesperson in-role behavior performance and outcome performance
to model in-role behavior performance as a mediator between OCB and outcome performance. Second, the work supports sales manager
control as an antecedent to OCB. A second model introduces perceived organizational support (POS) as an additional antecedent
to salesperson OCB, and more important, as a consequence of sales manager control. This construct has not been included in
prior salesperson OCB studies. Results show sales manage control has a stronger impact on OCB through POS, than directly,
and POS has a strong impact on salesperson OCB.
Nigel F. Piercy (Nigel.Piercy@wbs.ac.uk) is a professor of marketing in the Warwick Business School at the University of Warwick, United
Kingdom. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of Wales and a higher doctorate (D.Litt) from Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh.
His current research interests focus on strategic sales and account management. His work has been published in many journals
including theJournal of Marketing, theJournal of International Marketing, and theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science. He is coauthor to David Cravens onStrategic Marketing (8th ed., Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 2006).
David W. Cravens (D.Cravens@tcu.edu) holds the Eunice and James L. West Chair of American Enterprise Studies and is a professor of marketing
in the M. J. Neeley School of Business at Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas. He has a doctorate in business administration
from Indiana University. His areas of specialization include marketing strategy and planning, sales management, and new product
planning. His research has been published in a wide range of journals including theJournal of Marketing, theJournal of Marketing Research, the Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, and theInternational Journal of Marketing.
Nikala Lane (Nikala.Lane@wbs.ac.uk) is a senior lecturer in marketing in the Warwick Business School at the University of Warwick, United
Kingdom. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Wales and was previously a senior research associate at Cardiff University.
Her research interests are focused on gender and ethics issues in sales and marketing management. Her work has been published
widely in the international literature and includes articles in theJournal of Management Studies, theBritish Journal of Management, the Journal of Business Ethics, and theJournal of Personal Selling & Sales Management.
Douglas W. Vorhies (dvorhies@bus.olemiss.edu) is an assistant professor of marketing in the School of Business Administration at the University
of Mississippi. His primary research interests are in the areas of marketing strategy, marketing resources and capabilities,
the links between innovation, strategic market management and performance, and professional selling and sales management.
His other work has been published in many journals including theJournal of Marketing, Decision Sciences, theJournal of Product Innovation Management, theEuropean Journal of Marketing, and theJournal of Personal Selling and Sales Management. 相似文献
156.
Ingrid M. Martin David W. Stewart Shashi Matta 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2005,33(3):275-294
This article develops and tests a conceptual model of the transfer process whereby perceived similarity organized around shared
goals facilitates the transfer of knowledge and affect from a parent brand to an extension of that brand. Empirical results,
based on two well-known brands and two hypothetical product extensions for each brand, demonstrate that the availability of
well-formed, goal-derived categories associated with a parent brand establishes an organizing framework for consumers' assessments
of similarity thatfacilitates the transfer of consumer knowledge and attitude from the parent brand to a brand extension in
another product category. This facilitating effect of similarity does not occur in the absence of goal-derived categories.
The results also reveal how marketing communication can be used to facilitate the transfer process by framing similarity in
terms of common goals. Implications are discussed for the organization of consumer knowledge and affect across product categories
and for understanding prior research findings on brand extension.
Ingrid M. Martin (imartin@csulb.edu) is an associate professor of marketing at California State University at Long Beach. Her research has
examined issues in the area of consumer goals as they guide structuring and processing marketing information, product choice
and usage. Her research has been published in theJournal of Consumer Research, Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of Public Policy & Research, and five book chapters.
David W. Stewart (david.stewart@marshall.usc.edu) is the Robert E. Brooker Professor of Marketing in the Marshall School of Business at the
University of Southern California. He is the immediate past editor of theJournal of Marketing. Dr. Stewart has authored or co-authored more than 200 publications and seven books.
Shashi Matta (matta@marshall.usc.edu) is a doctoral candidate in marketing at the Marshal School of Business, University of Southern California.
His research interests include branding, and services marketing. Shashi’s research has been published in theJournal of Consumer Research. 相似文献
157.
The development of a standardized student evaluation form 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David J. Lill Ph.D. 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》1979,7(3):242-254
The original purpose of student evaluations was to provide feedback to the instructor to improve his/her teaching. However,
the use of student evaluations in assessing promotion and tenure decisions is becoming increasingly apparent. Given that students
represent one valuable source of evaluation data, the task involves gathering the information so as not to bias or influence
the results. Thus, the objectives of this report are to discuss the methodology and pitfalls in the construction of a data
collection instrument, and produce a “model” student evaluation form that may serve as the basis for establishing validity
by having the academic community put it to the test. 相似文献
158.
159.
David Pearce 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2007,37(1):313-333
This paper addresses from an economic perspective the issue of global biodiversity conservation. It challenges the perception
that the world really cares a great deal about biodiversity and is prepared to pay the full cost of maintaining this stock
of natural capital. Despite the existence of a plethora of international agreements there still seems to be a global ‘deficit
of care’ surrounding efforts to combat challenges such as those posed by global warming and biodiversity conservation. More
light can be thrown on the degree of care by measuring both the actual expenditures and the stated willingness to pay for
biodiversity conservation. However, actual expenditures are much lower than willingness to pay estimates recorded in the published
literature. Using the criteria that the ‘right’ amount of conservation effort is one where the marginal economic benefits
from conservation just equal the marginal costs of conservation, the paper explores the biodiversity conservation conundrum
and concluded that, on the available evidence, the world does not care too much about this natural capital stock and bequests
to future generations.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
160.
Intention and Stochastic Outcomes: An Experimental study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Do people care about intentions – even when good intentions do not produce good results? In our experiments we find that rates of punishment and reward react strongly to intentions (the wage a firm decides to pay) and more modestly to distributional outcomes (the higher or lower wage actually received including the stochastic component). For example, workers who end up receiving medium wages respond much more positively when this resulted from the firm offering a high wage but bad luck lowered the worker's pay than when this resulted from the firm offering a low wage and good luck raised the pay. 相似文献