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881.
The aim of this paper is to study wood consumption during the industrial expansion which took place in the western world in the second half of the nineteenth and the first decades of the twentieth century, through the analysis of the case of Spain. For this purpose, we present the series of Spanish wood consumption both as a raw material (WRM) and as firewood (FW) between 1860 and 1935 and we carry out two exercises with these series. The first calculates the intensity of use (IOU), which relates wood consumption in physical terms with the evolution of the GDP. The second, more complex, exercise estimates a standard consumption function that allows us to know the elasticity of WRM with respect to the GDP, the Spanish price of wood and the Spanish price of a substitute material like iron. Based on our results, we discuss the lower dependence of the Spanish industrial economy on wood, the “liberation” of forest areas that may have occurred in Spain as a result of industrialization, and to what extent the trends observed for the Spanish case can be extrapolated internationally. The main conclusion is that industrialization transformed the uses of wood and, though the importance of this resource per unit of GDP decreased, its overall consumption increased, generating greater pressure on forests at an international level. 相似文献
882.
883.
884.
Constructionist Theory to Explain Effects of GDSS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper analyses communication between actors as a major theoretical element in understanding the link between GDSS (Group Decision Support System) and the construction of shared meaning. The concept of shared meaning is discussed by using two schools of thought: Constructionism versus Constructivism. The schools differ in their approach to processes of communication and conversational techniques. Constructionist theory focuses on the necessity to activate process of intersubjectivity between individuals to reach shared meaning while constructivist theory focuses on process of negotiation. Arguments are given in this paper in favor of the Constructionist approach for dealing with the high complexity of the organizational issues involved in GDSS. The two theoretical approaches were operationalized under two different paradigms of communication: Intersubjective (Constructionist) versus Negotiative (Constructivist) and were compared in an experimental set-up. Better results were found for a GDSS based on the Constructionist paradigm. 相似文献
885.
886.
Helder Ferreira de Mendonça Renato Falci Villela Loures 《Journal of Regulatory Economics》2009,36(3):286-307
Market discipline is a regulatory mechanism which has as its main task the punishment of bad risk management by financial
institutions. Subordinated debt holders are considered by the literature as the most propitious private agent to discipline
the financial institutions. The key to prove the existence of market discipline is to show the relationship between banks’
asset prices and its respective risks. The main objective of this article is an empirical analysis of the relation between
credit risk (ratings and accounting information) and debentures return for the Brazilian case. The results denote a weak presence
of market discipline in Brazil. 相似文献
887.
Jean Cavailhès Thierry Brossard Jean-Christophe Foltête Mohamed Hilal Daniel Joly François-Pierre Tourneux Céline Tritz Pierre Wavresky 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2009,44(4):571-590
Hedonic prices of landscape are estimated in the urban fringe of Dijon (France). Viewshed and its content as perceived at
ground level are analyzed from satellite images supplemented by a digital elevation model. Landscape attributes are then fed
into econometric models (based on 2,667 house sales) that allows for endogeneity, multicollinearity, and spatial correlations.
Results show that when in the line of sight, trees and farmland in the immediate vicinity of houses command positive prices
and roads negative prices; if out of sight, their prices are markedly lower or insignificant: the view itself matters. The
layout of features in fragmented landscapes commands positive hedonic prices. Landscapes and features in sight but more than
100–300~m away all have insignificant prices. 相似文献
888.
Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie Didier François 《Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade》2009,9(4):329-355
The objective of this paper is to assess to what extent the cost of patenting affects the demand for patents. The empirical
analysis, which focuses on the patent systems of the USA, Japan, and Europe in 2003, leads to the following methodological
and empirical conclusions: (1) for a proper international comparison, the size of the market and the average number of claims
included in a patent must be accounted for; (2) when the cost per claim per capita (the 3C-index) is considered, a negative
linear relationship appears between the cost of patenting and the number of claims that are filed; (3) after the grant of
a patent by the EPO, the translation, validation and transaction costs induced by an effective protection in several European
countries witness a highly fragmented and very expensive European market for intellectual property; (4) for a patent designating
13 European countries, the 3C-index is about ten (two) times higher than in the US (Japanese) system (for process and translation
costs up to the grant); (5) The European market being more than twice as large as the US market in terms of inhabitants, the
3C-index suggests that there would be a clear justification for higher nominal examination fees at the EPO, that would ensure
the pursuit of a rigorous granting process. 相似文献
889.
Abstract We examine whether increased trade with countries with ineffective protection of intellectual property has contributed to the skill‐deepening of the 1980s. We construct an index of effective protection of intellectual property at the country level, combining data on protection of patents and rule of law. Next, we construct an industry‐specific version of this index, using as weights each country's trade share in the total trade of the industry. We find a decline in this trade‐weighted index, owing to a rise in trade with countries with low effective protection of intellectual property, which explains 29% of the rise in within‐industry skill‐intensity. 相似文献
890.
Abstract We examine restructuring, divestiture, and deregulation of a vertically integrated public utility, (e.g., electricity), from a public finance perspective. How an optimal restructuring plan for the utility depends on the cost of public funds and on the X‐efficiency gains from privatization, how the optimal degree of competition in the upstream and downstream segments are connected, and implications of privatization for consumer prices are examined. The higher the cost of public funds, the more likely the post‐privatization price will exceed the regulated public utility price. The greater the X‐efficiency gains from privatization, the more likely the post‐privatization price will fall. 相似文献