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11.
Duygu Turker 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,85(4):411-427
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is one of the most prominent concepts in the literature and, in short, indicates the
positive impacts of businesses on their stakeholders. Despite the growing body of literature on this concept, the measurement
of CSR is still problematic. Although the literature provides several methods for measuring corporate social activities, almost
all of them have some limitations. The purpose of this study is to provide an original, valid, and reliable measure of CSR
reflecting the responsibilities of a business to various stakeholders. Based on a proposed conceptual framework of CSR, a
scale was developed through a systematic scale development process. In the study, exploratory factor analysis was conducted
to determine the underlying factorial structure of the scale. Data was collected from 269 business professionals working in
Turkey. The results of the analysis provided a four-dimensional structure of CSR, including CSR to social and nonsocial stakeholders,
employees, customers, and government. 相似文献
12.
The significance of population monotonicity and welfare bounds is well-recognized in the fair division literature. We consider the welfare bounds that are central to the fair allocation literature, namely, the identical-preferences lower-bound, individual rationality, the stand-alone lower-bound, and k-fairness. We characterize population monotonic and incentive compatible mechanisms which allocate an object efficiently and respect a welfare lower bound chosen in the fair allocation problem of allocating a collectively owned indivisible good or bad when monetary transfers are possible and preferences are private information. 相似文献
13.
A. Bozkaya B. Van Pottelsberghe De La Potterie 《Economics of Innovation and New Technology》2013,22(1-2):97-122
Using an original survey sample of 103 unquoted Belgian technology-based small firms (TBSFs), we examine the capital structure of start-up companies during their consecutive development stages. We find that internal funds, either alone as personal savings or in combination with family and friends, to be the primary source of financing. Personal funds of the founders are used to finance the start of 82% of TBSFs. Commercial bank and government funds are the most important sources of external finance for TBSFs subsequent to start-up. Most founders agreed that business angels and venture capitalists play a greater role at later stages. However, once granted, more substantial amounts of funding come from venture capitalists. There is also evidence that suggests a change in the mix of internal and external sources of finance. Finally, our findings based on founders’ scores in raising external funds suggest a call for urgent policy action to improve access to and availability of early-stage entrepreneurial finance in Belgium. We discuss our findings in light of the capital structure of small firms relating to TBSFs. 相似文献
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