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61.
Two impediments to effective monetary policy operation include illiquidity in bond markets and the zero bound of interest
rates. Under these conditions alternative means of enacting monetary policy may be required. This paper empirically explores
policy options implemented through equity and currency markets that will generate similar inflation responses at different
time horizons. In terms of GDP loss the least costly means of achieving a particular long run inflation outcome is via the
current monetary policy arrangements. Currency market alternatives are volatile but less expensive than the equity market
in terms of output loss for short term inflation horizons.
相似文献
Renée FryEmail: |
62.
Raquel Bertoldo Claire Mays Marc Poumadère Nina Schneider Claus Svendsen 《Journal of Risk Research》2016,19(6):760-779
Nanotechnologies are becoming a larger presence in everyday life and are viewed by governments and economic actors as a key area for development. The theory of social representations suggests that specialist views eventually disseminate to shape representations among the public. Yet nanotechnologies remain relatively little known to the general public. The media emphasize potential benefits, while potential risks get less attention. The literature has not yet addressed whether representations by a well-informed population (scientists) are indeed structured in terms of the risk–benefit polarity that dominates research framing to date. We attempted a systematic assessment of how background knowledge about nanotechnology may influence experts’ perception. Study 1 delivered the first demonstration derived from a qualitative analysis confirming the existence of a polarized representation of nanotechnologies, contrasting opportunity (medical, economic, and technological) and risk. Interestingly, risk was distinguished at two levels: that associated with nanomaterial characteristics (toxicity, reactivity) and at the larger scale of impact (health, environment, legislation). Does this polarity indicate a ‘yes, but’ logic (nanotechnology carries opportunity but also risk), or two clusters of specialists (sensitive, respectively, to opportunity or to risk)? Study 2 surveyed a larger sample of experts who self-described their scientific background and role viz. nanotechnology. Role had no influence. Specialists consensually viewed that nanotechnology represents opportunity, but depending on scientific background they did not agree to the same extent that nanotechnology also constitutes a risk. Participants with a physics and chemistry background tended to represent nanotechnologies predominantly in terms of opportunities and not in terms of inherent risks or impacts. In contrast, toxicologists, life and social scientists appeared to explicitly incorporate both benefits and risks in their representation of this new technology. Environmental scientists were a more diverse group, divided between the two patterns of representation. 相似文献
63.
Prof. Dr. Claus Steinle Dr. Timm Eichenberg Dipl.-Ök. Max Stolberg 《Zeitschrift für Management》2008,3(2):101-124
Zusammenfassung Transformationale Führung als inspirierendes und emotional aktivierendes Führungsverhalten erf?hrt aufgrund ihrer Wandlungsfunktion
in gesellschaftlichen Umbruchsphasen eine sehr hohe Wertsch?tzung, auch wenn ihr Gegenüber, die transaktionale Führung, in
der Praxis derzeit wohl noch eine st?rkere Verbreitung besitzt. Ein Abgleich transformationaler und zugleich transaktionaler
Führung in ihrer fortentwickelten Form als Full Range Leadership Modell mit den Charakteristika des Ph?nomens Führung offenbart
zentrale Schwachstellen. An diesen Punkten setzen überlegungen zu einer Aufwertung transaktionaler Führung mittels einer Integration
effektiven aufgaben-, beziehungs- und wandlungsorientierten Verhaltens in das Full Range Leadership Modell an. Zudem bietet
ein „führungspraktischer“ Ausblick einen Denk- und Handlungsansatz, der von einem wechselseitigen Einflussverh?ltnis ausgeht
und Situationsfaktoren modellimmanent berücksichtigt.
相似文献
Max StolbergEmail: |
64.
Journal of Consumer Policy - Car traffic and accidents involving cars create an enormous societal cost, particularly in terms of negative consequences for public health. Mitigating these effects is... 相似文献
65.
People who drop out of high school fare worse in many aspects of life. We analyze the relationship between dropping out of high school and the probability of contracting a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Previous studies on the relationship between dropout status and sexual outcomes have not empirically addressed unobserved heterogeneity at the individual level. Using fixed effects estimators, we find evidence supporting a positive relationship between dropping out of high school and the risk of contracting an STI for females. Furthermore, we present evidence that illustrates differences between the romantic partners of dropouts versus enrolled students. These differences suggest that female dropouts may be more susceptible to contracting STIs because they partner with significantly different types of people than do nondropouts. Our results point to a previously undocumented benefit of encouraging those at risk of dropping out to stay in school longer. 相似文献
66.
Als die Inflationsraten in Deutschland Mitte 2008 relativ hoch waren, wurde die vermeintlich starke Belastung unterer Einkommensschichten
durch die Teuerung ?ffentlich diskutiert. Dagegen kommen Claus Christian Breuer und Jens Mehrhoff in ihrer detaillierten empirischen
Analyse zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Inflationsraten sehr viel homogener waren als behauptet. 相似文献
67.
Many scholars consider the use of formal structured approaches to manage product development as very significant for successful product innovation. Others consider them a predictor of the likely outcome of the processes. Structured approaches can be considered management technologies for product development. Prior research has addressed the design of structured approaches and has measured how different types or generations of these are related to different processes and outcomes in different ways. However, only limited research has addressed how managers and employees actually understand and makes sense of these methods. This paper investigates how structured approaches are translated through a number of interpretations into daily practices. The research draws on research in sociology and management accounting to analyze structured approaches for product development as a managerial technology that consists of rules that individuals must understand (i.e., make sense of). The paper presents arguments for building a model of factors that influence the sensemaking of structured approaches for product development based on Scandinavian cases. First, structured approaches are presented as a type of managerial technology that consists of rules. Second, a framework to classify structured approaches for product development according to their degree of elaborateness and exhaustiveness is derived. This helps to identify the types of rule systems in companies—and how these influence everyday practices. The sensemaking from rules to practice is implemented through a number of translations, based on the context, the history, and the authorized statements and feedback processes. Empirical findings show that structured approaches differ both with respect to their degree of elaborateness and exhaustiveness. Additionally, firms differ greatly in terms of how rigorously they enforce the rules. Furthermore, the importance assigned to them by functional managers and project managers differ greatly. Even companies with extensive and elaborate rule regimes enforce the rules in a flexible manner, and rules are often applied at the discretion of project managers. Practices are influenced by the interpretation, use, and feedback from senior managers. Observations make it possible to develop a model for the sensemaking processes that influences how a specific structured approach through sensemaking is altered, modified, and sometimes even cut off from influencing innovation processes. The sensemaking of rules might reverse elaborate and exhaustive rules into quite flexible systems in practice. One implication of this is that individual sensemaking of structured approaches for product development thus needs to be analyzed to understand managerial practices. Another implication is that it cannot be assumed, a priori that formal approaches are the same as exercised practices. 相似文献
68.
Claus Dierksmeier 《Journal of Business Ethics》2013,113(4):597-609
In business ethics journals, Kant’s ethics is often portrayed as overly formalistic, devoid of substantial content, and without regard for the consequences of actions or questions of character. Hence, virtue ethicists ride happily to the rescue, offering to replace or complement Kant’s theory with their own. Before such efforts are undertaken, however, one should recognize that Kant himself wrote a “virtue theory” (Tugendlehre), wherein he discussed the questions of character as well as the teleological nature of human action. Numerous Kant scholars argue that Kant already erected precisely the kind of integrative moral architecture that some of his modern interpreters (while aiming to supersede him) wish to construct. For business ethics, this divergence of scholarly opinion is of crucial importance. It shows first that the standard portrayals of Kant’s ethics in business ethics textbooks—as rigidly deontological, narrowly individualistic, and hence unsuitable for the specific demands of corporate agency—might have to be revised. Second, discussions in the business ethics literature on stakeholder-engagement and managerial decision-making likewise stand to gain from a more nuanced picture of Kant’s moral philosophy. Third, a reassessment of Kant’s ethics with regard to questions of personal character and moral sentiments might also lead to a more favorable view of the relevance of his ethics for managerial practice. Last, but not least, the many current attempts to reconcile Kant’s freedom-oriented philosophy with virtue theories stand to benefit considerably from a better understanding of how Kant himself conceived of one such synthesis between the formal and substantial aspects of morality. This, ultimately, could lead to an important overlapping consensus in the academic literature as to the role and relevance of virtuous conduct in business. 相似文献
69.
This paper investigates how the threat of a pollution tax fosters voluntary arrangements under private information and how
such arrangements (of the take-it-or-leave-it type) will look like. The objective is (i), to address a topical and policy
relevant problem, and (ii), to highlight that the optimal contracts exhibit substantial variations, degrees of complexity
and uncommon features. If the pollutee offers an arrangement (and this is the more likely and also more interesting case)
the spectrum of solutions covers six different cases: 'no distortion at the top', 'no distortion at the bottom', 'no distortion
in the interior' and a boundary solution (a pseudo contract of duplicating the tax outcome) applicable either in all instances
of the agent's benefit or coupled with one of the conventional mechanisms. If the polluter offers a contract, the optimal
incentive scheme is countervailing with the consequence that the signs of the payments are reversed, that the property of
no distortion holds at both ends and that the polluter's best strategy is to duplicate the tax outcome if the actual damage
is around the expected value. The government's threat encourages contracting and improves the allocation beyond what an actual
intervention could achieve. This provides a potential role for governments in an otherwise Coasean framework.
Received: 28 March 2003, Accepted: 10 October 2005
JEL Classification:
D62, D82
Both authors acknowledge (exceptionally) helpful and detailed comments from an anonymous referee and suggestions from an associate
editor of the journal. 相似文献
70.
This paper investigates the promising proposal of Joint Implementation (JI) to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This was ultimately the only concrete outcome of the Conference on Climate Change in Berlin, albeit restricted to a pilot phase. The basic idea, given the public's awareness of global warming, sounds economically plausible: The industrialized countries, the only ones required to stabilize and lower carbon emissions, can search for cheaper reductions of greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries and economies in transition. However, this proposal leads to strategic reactions by developing countries reinforced by the fact that this cheating coincides with the interest of the industrialized country. In short, this proposal will lead to cheating (given asymmetric information) and will thus produce largely faked reductions in emissions. On the constructive side, an efficient mechanism retaining the spirit of JI is derived, which deters strategic reactions. This differs from a usual principal-agent problem through an additional hierarchical layer: a global authority (e.g. the Conference of Parties on Climate Change), an industrialized country and a developing country. The unavoidable loss that is even associated with an optimal scheme due to strategic, behavioural reality (the first best optimum is unattainable, except at the top) leads, of course, to much less glamorous predictions in emission reductions. Moreover, the implicit subsidization scheme focuses and favours on already 'efficient' partners. 相似文献