Morgan Stanley Roundtable on Managing Financial Trouble

Against the current backdrop of troubled credit markets and the possibility of growing defaults, a distinguished group of bankruptcy academics and practitioners explore a number of questions raised by the emergence of increasingly active distressed investors: Are these relatively new market forces and mechanisms at least partly responsible for today's historically low default rates? Can they be expected to continue keeping default rates low, even if the economy goes into recession? And perhaps most important, by preventing or delaying defaults, will these new reorganization methods end up increasing recoveries and preserving value? The second half of the discussion focuses on some of the potential problems, or obstacles to the working of these market forces. For example, how will distressed situations play out in cases involving dispersed creditors, such as the holders of CDOs and CLOs? Will there be negative side effects from other financial innovations such as credit derivatives? While acknowledging the challenges of resolving some relatively new kinds of inter‐creditor conflicts, most of the panelists expressed confidence that today's distressed investors, working within the context of a streamlined Chapter 11 process, can be expected to play a major role in preserving values for creditors. At the same time, such investors will help perform the critical economic function of ensuring, in Douglas Baird's words, “that those companies that should survive do survive” and that corporate assets, whether liquidated piecemeal or kept within the firm, end up in their highest‐valued uses with their most efficient users.     

The leontief question: A Cobb-Douglas approach to simulating the U.S. income distribution in Autarky

Zusammenfassung Leontiefs Frage: Ein Cobb-Douglas Verfahren zur Simulierung der U.S.-Einkommensverteilung bei Autarkie. - Die Frage, die Leontief 1956 in seinem klassischen Artikel über die komparativen Vorteile der USA stellte, war, wie sich die Einkommensverteilung bei Autarkie von derjenigen bei internationalem Handel unterscheide. Normalerweise ist es notwendig, ein Modell des allgemeinen Gleichgewichts mit prohibitiven Z?llen zu simulieren, um zur Einkommensverteilung bei Autarkie zu gelangen. In diesem Artikel wird jedoch gezeigt, da\ in einer Volkswirtschaft, die dadurch charakterisiert ist, da\ die Konsumentenpr?ferenzen und die sektoralen Produktionsfunktionen vom Cobb-Douglas-Typ sind, der Zustand der Autarkie durch eine einfache Matrix-Multiplikation simuliert werden kann. Die Faktoranteile bei Autarkie werden als unabh?ngig vom Faktorangebot abgeleitet. Das Paradoxon wird best?tigt, wenn Kapital und Arbeit homogen sind, w?hrend eine Disaggregation die Ergebnisse erheblich beeintr?chtigt.

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Résumé La question de Leontief: Une approche Cobb-Douglas à simuler la distribution de revenu des Etats Unis en autarcie. - La question posée par Leontief dans son article classique en 1956 sur l’avantage comparatif est, comment la distribution de revenu sous l’autarcie se compare avec celle d’une économie ouverte. Généralement, il est nécessaire de simuler un modèle d’équilibre général avec des droits de douane prohibitifs pour obtenir une distribution de revenu autarcique. Cependant, les auteurs démontrent que, dans une économie caractérisée par des préférences des consommateurs et par des fonctions de production sectorales de type Cobb-Douglas, l’autarcie peut être simulée par une simple multiplication de matrice. Les portions des facteurs autarciques sont dérivées comme être indépendantes de l’offre des facteurs. Le paradoxe se confirme si le capital et la main d’oeuvre sont homogènes, mais une désagrégation affecte le résultat gravement.

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Resumen La pregunta de Leontief: un modelo Cobb-Douglas para simulaciones de la distribución del ingreso en los EEUU bajo autarquía. - La pregunta que Leontief formuló en su artículo clásico (1956) sobre las ventajas comparativas de los EEU fué, en que se diferencia la distribución del ingreso bajo autarqufa de la que prevalece bajo comercio internacional. En general es necesario simular un modelo de equilibrio general con aranceles prohibitivos para obtener la distribución del ingreso bajo autarqufa. Nosotros, empero, demostramos que en una economfa caracterizada por preferencias de los consumidores y funciones de producción sectoriales del tipo Cobb-Douglas la situación bajo autarqufa puede ser simulada através de una simple multiplicación de matrices. Las cuotas correspondientes a los factores bajo autarquía se derivan como si hieran ofertas independientes de factures. La paradoja se confirma para capital y trabajo homogéneos, pero los resultados son muy sensibles al nivel de desagregación.

     

Innovation, progress, entrepreneurship and cultural aspects

In the case of economic progress, some of the literature has considered economic growth and economic progress to be the same thing. However, there is a relevant difference between the two concepts. As Holcombe states, economic growth considers the quantity of products and economic progress the quality of products. Innovation has been considered as a key factor to promote economic progress. A culture would have a direct and an indirect effect on innovation through entrepreneurship. The goal of this paper is to analyze the relationship between culture and innovation. To carry out this study, an empirical estimation has been developed for the case of 11 countries.     

Input demands and elasticities in U.K. defence industries

It is often claimed that U.K. arms industries are inefficient. This paper considers the input demand behaviour of defence industries. Two hypotheses are formulated relating to input inelasticity and the resource effects of cuts in military spending. First, it is predicted that the demand elasticities of inputs in defence industries will be lower than those in similar civilian sectors. Second, defence reviews are expected to have a ‘shock effect’ resulting in a ‘shake-out’ of resources from weapons producers. The evidence suggests that the U.K.'s defence industries do not respond to price changes nor to defence reviews.     

Consumer's attitudes toward lawyers with regard to advertising professional services

The results of this study indicated that consumers had a favorable attitude toward advertising by lawyers, though some specific differences were found between users and nonusers of legal services. The importance of consumer demographic characteristics and the appropriateness of advertising media were also examined. The major implication is that the traditional void in advertising activity by lawyers should now be reexamined.     

Characteristics,consumer surplus,and new activities: A proposed ski area

Physical characteristics of activities and personal characteristics of the individual are incorporated into an expenditure function. This function is used to define the compensating and equivalent variation for changes in the costs or physical characteristics of the existing activities, or for a proposed activity as a function of its proposed characteristics and cost. The model is used to estimate the demand for, and the CVs and EVs associated with, the development of a Colorado ski area. These vary across skiers as a function of skiing ability, value of time, location of residence, and skiing budget.     

Workforce drug testing: a critique and reframing

This article aims to stimulate re‐engagement with workforce drug testing as a current managerial technology emerging in UK organisations and not solely confined to the US. Drawing on sociological, labour process and wider organization studies literature, it reconceptualises assumptions about managerial ideology, employee agency and drug user's subjectivity.