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61.
We analyze the optimal capital structure of a bank issuing countercyclical contingent capital, i.e., notes to be converted into common shares in poor macroeconomic conditions. A comparison of the main effects produced by the countercyclical asset with the simple equity-debt capital structure, the non-countercyclical contingent capital and the countercyclical callable bond is conducted. We demonstrate that this type of asset reduces the spread of straight debt and is effective in reducing the asset substitution incentive. The reduction of bankruptcy costs is strong only when the countercyclicality feature is removed. Contingent capital is useful for macroprudential regulation and we show that the countercyclical feature is important depending on priorities (moderate the asset substitution incentive or reduce bankruptcy costs). 相似文献
62.
The analysis of technological change is centered on the study of the evolution of technical coefficients in the input–output table. Complementary to this analysis, the household consumption expenditure matrix, relating consumption by commodities to consumption by purpose or by function, also incorporates some other aspects of technological change. Thus, the evolution in time of the coefficients of this consumption expenditure matrix will portray technological processes, implying substitutions between commodities to satisfy the different functions The substitution between consumption expenditure by functions is also to be taken into consideration, because it can influence, together with technological change, the use of commodities in the final demand. For Switzerland, a 1980–89 time series of household consumption expenditure matrices with 37 commodities and 58 functional consumption categories has been estimated using data from consumer expenditure surveys. In this paper, instruments generally applied to the analysis of changes in input–output technical coefficients are extended to these matrices, including methods that deal with biproportional processes of substitution. 相似文献
63.
We combine agency theory with the law and finance approach to analyze how the legal protection of investors and the corporate ownership structure affect corporate investment in research and development (R&D). We use information from 956 firms from the five most R&D-intensive industries in 19 developed countries. Our results show that better protection of investors’ rights by the institutional environment has a positive influence on corporate R&D. We also find that corporate ownership concentration works as a substitute for legal protection. This finding means that R&D investment of the firms in the countries with poor legal protection increases as ownership becomes more concentrated. Our results also show that the identity of shareholders has a relevant effect: Whereas banks and nonfinancial institutions as shareholders result in lower R&D, institutional investors as shareholders increase corporate investment in R&D. 相似文献
64.
65.
We study the dynamic impact of recycling through its effect on the production set of the economy and its relationship with
natural resources. The contribution of renewable and recyclable resources for sustainability is studied. Although in the short
run recycling may alleviate resource scarcity, in the long run it is not enough to compensate for the exhaustibility of non-renewable
resources and the possibility of obtaining non-decreasing output paths crucially depends on the extent to which production
rests on renewable resources. Furthermore, recycling interacts with natural resource growth, surprisingly not always favoring
sustainability. The Production and Recycling Function is a generalization of the traditional production function, providing
an integrated view of regular production and recycling and representing the production set of the economy when a recycling
technology is available. 相似文献
66.
A kernel-based method for nonparametric estimation of variograms 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Variogram estimation plays an important role in many areas of spatial statistics. Potential areas of application include biology, ecology, economics and meteorology. However, it is common that, for example under highly correlated patterns, traditional estimators can not reflect all the spatial features or dependencies. In this paper, we present an alternative distribution-free estimator based on nearest-neighbour estimation with a non-constant smoothing field that is better able to adapt to spatially varying features of the data pattern. We present a simulation study to compare our new estimator to a nearest-neighbour estimator built with a constant smoothing parameter and to the classical variogram estimator. We apply our method to analyze two ecological data sets. 相似文献
67.
Exploring different views of exchange rate regime choice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fabrizio Carmignani Emilio Colombo Patrizio Tirelli 《Journal of International Money and Finance》2008,27(7):1177-1197
The empirical distinction between de facto and de jure exchange rate regimes raises a number of interesting questions. Which factors may induce a de facto peg? Why do countries enforce a peg but do not announce it? Why do countries “break their promises”? We show that a stable socio-political environment and an efficient political decision-making process are a necessary prerequisite for choosing a peg and sticking to it, challenging the view that sees the exchange rate as a commitment device. Policymakers seem rather concerned with regime sustainability in the face of adverse economic and socio-political fundamentals. 相似文献
68.
The paper studies the motivations behind banks’ shareholding of non-financial firms using a panel of large Italian companies in the period 1994–2000. Empirical evidence shows that banks are shareholders of companies that are less profitable, have experienced slower growth, are more indebted, are endowed with collateral and have hard time to repay their debt out of current income. Banks are more likely to hold shares in companies they lend to. Overall the evidence suggests that there is complementarity between bank equity holding and lending. A plausible explanation is the shareholder–debtholder conflict, the evidence is weakly compatible with governance and information hypotheses. 相似文献
69.
Emilio Giardina Isidoro Mazza Giacomo Pignataro Ilde Rizzo 《International Advances in Economic Research》2016,22(3):321-332
This paper highlights issues in the theory of voluntary provision of public goods, building on the investigation by Peacock in connection with the contributions by Coase and Buchanan. Our goal is twofold. We first draw attention to the early literature investigating the provision of public goods and to the successive theoretical analysis. We then focus on the impact of technology on supply and demand. Examples of different types of public goods are provided, with special attention to the cultural sector, to investigate whether and how technology affects the efficiency and the effectiveness of the related public goods provision. The implementation and exploitation of technological advancements are investigated in view of the role of different actors (public, private) at different levels of government. 相似文献
70.
Emilio Zanetti Chini 《International Journal of Forecasting》2018,34(4):711-732
The generalized smooth transition autoregression (GSTAR) parametrizes the joint asymmetry in the duration and length of cycles in macroeconomic time series by using particular generalizations of the logistic function. The symmetric smooth transition and linear autoregressions are nested in the GSTAR. A test for the null hypothesis of dynamic symmetry is presented. Two case studies indicate that dynamic asymmetry is a key feature of the U.S. economy. The GSTAR model beats its competitors for point forecasting, but this superiority becomes less evident for density forecasting and in uncertain forecasting environments. 相似文献