Targeted Interventions in Healthcare: The Role of Facility Placement*

Adequate targeting is a primary concern in the design of any social programme that attempts to reach a specific group in society. This paper studies the targeting of a healthcare‐centre programme aimed at the poor that relies on household self‐selection into the programme at the local level. We find that a key variable in determining utilisation of the health centres is location. Households living near a centre are substantially more likely to use it than households living further away. This points to the importance of facility placement in targeting self‐selected health programmes to the poor.     

Stewardship and economic organization: The ethical emphasis in business

Never before has the American business community been challenged to justify and support its ethical standards as today. Hearings before government agencies, attacks by public interest groups, and emphasis on consumer interests have raised serious questions concerning the moral code of industry, the social responsibility of the business community, and what lies ahead for the business firm as it behaved in the past. Somehow much of the public believes that corporate responsibility has been compromised, and that regard for profits has become a way of life that overlooks humane and societal considerations. Management must recognize that it is invested with a definite ethical and moral, as well as legal, responsibility to demonstrate the highest traits of business leadership in its stewardship role. Anything short of such a standard may be catastrophic for the future of the American enterprise system.     

Municipal demand-side policy tools and the strategic management of technology life cycles

This research is particularly concerned with public policy instruments which may help to accelerate the development and diffusion of sustainable innovations and support local economic development. While sustainable technology sectors are in high demand, firms still face significant barriers in developing and diffusing their technologies in regions throughout the world (Hoff, 2012). This area has been less explored in the extant research yet recent experiences suggest that supply side tools may not always have positive benefits for supporting clean technology evolution, or for taxpayers. Leveraging innovation policy and technology life cycle literature, we develop a model of demand-side policy instruments which could be applied at different stages of the technology s-curve in order to accelerate the adoption of sustainable technologies. Implications for managers, public policy actors and researchers are considered.     

Linkage between perceived external prestige and emotional labor: Mediation effect of organizational identification among pharmaceutical representatives in India

With the increasing importance of customer service in sustaining competitive advantage, one of the challenges before the organizations is how to motivate their employees to perform desired emotional labor during customer interactions. The present study examines the linkage between perceived external prestige and emotional labor strategies among the pharmaceutical representatives in India. Drawing from the social comparison theory and social identity theory, the study shows that perceived external prestige influences employees’ emotional labor strategies directly as well as through organizational identification. Contributions of the study to theory and to human resource management practices are discussed.     

International entrepreneurship: a bibliometric overview

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the academic research on International Entrepreneurship (IE). To accomplish this, an exhaustive bibliometric analysis was carried out, involving a bibliometric performance analysis and a graphic mapping of the references in this field. Our analysis focuses on journals, papers, authors, institutions and countries. To perform the performance analysis, the work uses a series of bibliometric indicators such as h-index, productivity and citations. Furthermore, the VOS viewer to graphically map the bibliographic material is used. The graphical analysis uses co-citation, bibliographic coupling and co-occurrence of keywords. The results of both analyzes are consistent among them, and show that the USA is the most influential country in IE research as it houses the main authors and institutions in this research field. Moreover, is observed and expected the continued growth of the field globally. Our research plays an informative and complementary role as it presents most of the key aspects in International Entrepreneurship research.

     

IMF conditionality supports revenue collection: is it just tax rates?

This article examines if the observed favourable impact of conditionality in IMF programmes on revenue performance arises from changes in tax rates. It does so by studying the experience of 126 low- and middle-income countries during 1993–2013. When changes in tax rates are controlled for, the impact of revenue conditionality (and especially conditionality on revenue administration reform) not only remains strong on value-added tax collection but also, in contrast to earlier results, it contributes to significant improvements in income tax collection.     

On multidimensional poverty rankings of binary attributes

We address the problem of ranking distributions of attributes in terms of poverty, when the attributes are represented by binary variables. To accomplish this task, we identify a suitable notion of “multidimensional poverty line” and characterize axiomatically the Head-Count and the Attribute-Gap poverty rankings, which are the natural counterparts of the most widely used income poverty indices. Finally, we apply our methodology and compare our empirical results with those obtained with some other well-known poverty measures.     

International trade and factor productivity as determinants of the real effective exchange rate

Using panel time-series models that deal with the problems of potential endogeneity and cross-sectional dependence, while also allowing for cross-country heterogeneity in the parameters of interest, we demonstrate that trade openness produces a depreciation of the real effective exchange rate.     

Healthcare utilization and costs associated with COPD among SEER-Medicare beneficiaries with NSCLC

Aim: To estimate the healthcare utilization and costs in elderly lung cancer patients with and without pre-existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods: Using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER)-Medicare data, this study identified patients with lung cancer between 2006–2010, at least 66 years of age, and continuously enrolled in Medicare Parts A and B in the 12 months prior to cancer diagnosis. The diagnosis of pre-existing COPD in lung cancer patients was identified using ICD-9 codes. Healthcare utilization and costs were categorized as inpatient hospitalizations, skilled nursing facility (SNF) use, physician office visits, ER visits, and outpatient encounters for every stage of lung cancer. The adjusted analysis was performed using a generalized linear model for healthcare costs and a negative binomial model for healthcare utilization.

Results: Inpatient admissions in the COPD group increased for each stage of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) compared to the non-COPD group per 100 person-months (Stage I: 14.67 vs 9.49 stays, p?<?.0001; Stage II: 14.13 vs 10.78 stays, p?<?.0001; Stage III: 28.31 vs 18.91 stays, p?<?.0001; Stage IV: 49.5 vs 31.24 stays, p?<?.0001). A similar trend was observed for outpatient visits, with an increase in utilization among the COPD group (Stage I: 1136.04 vs 796 visits, p?<?.0001; Stage II: 1325.12 vs 983.26 visits, p?<?.0001; Stage III: 2025.47 vs 1656.64 visits, p?<?.0001; Stage IV: 2825.73 vs 2422.26 visits, p?<?.0001). Total direct costs per person-month in patients with pre-existing COPD were significantly higher than the non-COPD group across all services ($54,799.16 vs $41,862.91). Outpatient visits represented the largest cost category across all services in both groups, with higher costs among the COPD group ($41,203 vs $31,140.08).

Conclusion: Healthcare utilization and costs among lung cancer patients with pre-existing COPD was ～2–3-times higher than the non-COPD group.