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31.
Competition policy in Canada and elsewhere has changed remarkably over the last 50 years—in large measure due to advances in economics. In this article, we trace the impact of developments in industrial organization on the three central areas of competition policy: cartels, single firm conduct and mergers. We focus on Canadian competition policy but draw comparisons with developments in the United States and Europe. 相似文献
32.
The impact of government debt on the long-run natural real interest rate – a quantitative evaluation
Christoph Winter 《Applied economics letters》2017,24(20):1429-1434
Persistently low natural real interest rates are a problem for monetary policy and financial stability. I analyse to what extent a permanent increase in government debt that is financed by higher taxes could raise the long-run natural real interest rate. As a measurement tool, I use an incomplete markets model with capital and government bonds. Increasing the public debt/GDP ratio by one percentage point raises the real interest rate by between 0.4 and 1.5 basis points, depending on the degree of inequality generated by the model and the tax instrument used to balance the government’s budget constraint. I also show that the interest rate effect of a change in public debt/GDP predicted by the model is significantly smaller than its empirical counterpart for the US, due to the fact that the model understates the empirical fraction of households that are constrained in their consumption decision. 相似文献
33.
In many industries firms have to make quantity decisions before knowing the exact state of demand. In such cases, channel
members have to decide which firm will own the units until demand uncertainty is resolved. The decision about who should retain
ownership depends on the balance of benefit and risk to each member. Ownership, after all, is costly. Whichever member owns
the units accepts the risk of loss if more units are produced than can be sold. But ownership also grants firms the flexibility
to respond to demand once it becomes known by adjusting price. In this study, we analyze ownership decisions in distribution
channels and how those decisions are affected by demand uncertainty. We model demand based on micro-modeling of consumer utility
functions and capture demand uncertainty related to market size and price sensitivity. This study shows that as long as the
degree of uncertainty about market size is intermediate, the retailer and the manufacturer both benefit when the manufacturer
maintains ownership of the units. But when there is substantial uncertainty about market size, the retailer and the channel
are better off if the retailer takes ownership but the manufacturer still prefers to maintain ownership. Thus, there is potential
for channel conflict regarding ownership under high levels of uncertainty. We show that, using product returns, the manufacturer
can achieve the same outcome under retailer ownership as under manufacturer ownership. This provides an additional new rationale
for the prevalence of product returns. The first-best outcome (from the perspective of total channel profit), however, is
under retailer ownership without product returns when uncertainty is high (i.e., product returns reduce the total channel
profit). Negotiations between the manufacturer and the retailer can lead to the first-best outcome but only under quite restrictive
constraints that include direct side payments by the retailer to the manufacturer and the retailer being pessimistic about
its outside option (when an agreement cannot be reached) during the negotiation. 相似文献
34.
Caroline Winter 《International Journal of Tourism Research》2009,11(6):553-565
The Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, Australia opened in 1934 to articulate the social memory of the Great War of 1914–1918. The site has developed to incorporate other memorials and a Visitor Centre. An exploratory study of visitors indicated that the traditional and new memorials continue to evoke a number of responses to war. People expressed a sense of sadness and gratitude for sacrifices made by all those who have fought in war. Many people had poor knowledge of the battles which had initiated the creation of the Shrine. The study indicates the Shrine's complexity which now commemorates multiple conflicts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
35.
Antonis C. Stylianou Susan Winter Yuan Niu Robert A. Giacalone Matt Campbell 《Journal of Business Ethics》2013,117(2):333-343
Although organizations can derive competitive advantage from developing and implementing information systems, they are confronted with a rising number of unethical information practices. Because end-users and computer experts are the conduit to an ethical organizational environment, their intention to report unethical IT-related practices plays a critical role in protecting intellectual property and privacy rights. Using the survey methodology, this article investigates the relationship between willingness to report intellectual property and privacy violations and Machiavellianism, gender and computer literacy in the form of programming experience. We found that gender and computer expertise interact with Machiavellianism to influence individuals’ intention of reporting unethical IT practices. This study helps us to improve our understanding of the emergent ethical issues existing in the IT-enabled decision environment. 相似文献
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The economics literature describes various factors that affect trade between countries, which, in addition to the standard
economic and geographic factors, also include cultural, ethnic and historical factors. The present study is apparently one
of only a few attempts in the literature to examine directly the effects of corruption on trade and the first attempt to examine
trade over time in a specific country whose level of corruption changed significantly. Israel was chosen as the subject of
the study mainly because of the fact that, according to international indexes, the country’s status as a civil society has
declined significantly over the past decade. According to the corruption index of Transparency International, Israel was ranked
33rd in the world, at the end of the sample period in 2008, having fallen from 14th in 1995. The results of the research can
serve as the basis for comparison to similar studies of other Western countries. The study’s conclusions support the hypothesis
that the effect of corruption on trade of any given country is significant, stable and negative. 相似文献
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