The Entry‐Deterring Effects of Inflexible Regulation

This paper investigates the signalling role of tax policy in promoting, or hindering, the ability of a monopolist to practise entry deterrence. We show that environmental policy can facilitate the incumbent firm's concealment of information from potential entrants, thus deterring entry, and yet entail welfare improvements. Furthermore, we demonstrate that entry deterrence is more likely to arise when environmental regulation cannot be rapidly revised across time if market conditions change (inflexible regimes) than when regulatory agencies can adjust environmental policy over time.     

Degrowth,the past,the future,and the human nature

In the last years, different sources point to a same message: industrial civilization has entered an overshoot mode, the natural limits to growth have been already surpassed. This frontier does not wait for us in the future; it already belongs to our past. If population and the economy are truly beyond the limits, then current visions and theories of social change would be deeply perturbed. If the development era is approaching its end, then many sociological theories on current societies will share the same destiny, sustainable development doctrines between them. It is worth to examine theories that explicitly look at the social world this way or that – at least – are not incompatible with it. Differences between these theories depend on sociological, psychological and anthropological questions; or, in other words, they depend on the human nature. Exploring the relationship between degrowth and the human nature gives rise to debates about selective pressures under conditions of scarcity (human evolution), historical and anthropological evidence, philosophy, and sociology (institutional resilience, utopies as whole society experiments…). As its conclusion, the argument accepts that an evolutionary perspective supports that there are some potentials for conscious social change even in a way-down era, but it does not justify the belief in a particular only line of history. This conclusion does not satisfy the desire of knowing the future; nevertheless it may be the only one possible. The future is not written. Neither in history nor in evolution; not even in the mixture of history and evolution that conforms us as inhabitants of the Earth.     

Calculating the Efficient Frontier for the Portuguese Stock Market

The paper investigates the efficient frontier and capital market line for the Portuguese stock market before and after the Global Financial Crisis. The efficient frontier and capital market line shift to positions that offer investors better opportunities as we move from 2000‐2008 to 2009–2015.     

New approaches in transportation planning: happiness and transport economics

The measurement of social and psychological phenomena has been advanced by recent progress in the fields of behavioural economics and hedonic psychology. In addition, the increased interest in understanding how individuals perceive their own quality of life, has led to investigating the relations between various macro and individual level variables, generically subsumed as happiness. For many “happiness is considered to be an ultimate goal in life” and it plays an important role in the way people perceive the overall society they live in. Therefore, social scientists and behavioural economists are now stressing the importance of well-being measures, related to people’s evaluations of their quality of life in addition to economic indicators. In the transport sector, project evaluation is mainly based on cost–benefit analyses using economic indicators. However, any provided transportation project/service impacts the quality of the travel experience, the well-being of travellers and their travel behaviour. Competitiveness of modes may be also affected by the promotion of derived or experienced travellers’ well-being. Thus, existing behavioural travel choice models should be enhanced with regards to their behavioural validity incorporating the impacts of travelling happiness/ satisfaction. This study aims to understand and model the impact of stated (anticipated) happiness in the decision choice between a private transport mode—car, and a public transport mode—metro.     

Overview of the Portuguese Three Pillar Pension System

In order to cope with alleged future financial problems, several changes were made to the design of the Portuguese pension system since 2000. The aim was to achieve the diversification of retirement income sources across providers, both public and private, across the three pillars: public, industry-wide, and personal, and also across the financing forms of pay-as-you-go and funded. This paper describes these changes and analyses the results regarding, principally, the weight of each pillar and the investment performance of both public pension reserves and private pension funds. The main finding is that, in effect, there is one substantial longstanding pillar, and that is the public system.     

China's Belt and Road Initiative: Can Europe Expect Trade Gains?

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) aims to improve cross‐border infrastructure to reduce transportation costs across a massive geographical area between China and Europe. We estimate how much trade might be created among Belt and Road (B&R) countries as a consequence of the reduction in transportation costs (both railway and maritime) and find that European Union countries, especially landlocked countries, will benefit considerably. This is also true for Eastern Europe and Central Asia and, to a lesser extent, South‐East Asia. In contrast, if China were to seek to establish a free trade area within the B&R region, EU member states would benefit less, while Asia would benefit more. Xi Jinping's current vision for the B&R, centered on improving transport infrastructure, is advantageous for Europe as far as trade creation is concerned.     

The role of transformational leadership,emotional intelligence,and group cohesiveness on leadership emergence

The concept of emotional intelligence and its connections with other important psychological constructs have been the focus of a wide range of current research (see Mestre & Fernández‐Berrocal, 2007, and Salovey, Woolery, & Mayer, 2001, for reviews). Yet the relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership, a leadership style that is highly correlated with efficiency and satisfaction of the leaders' followers, has scarcely been analyzed. We hypothesize that individuals who score high in emotional intelligence emerge as leaders more easily than low‐emotional‐intelligence individuals due to the fact that they are more transformational in their leadership style. We further suggest that this is especially the case in highly cohesive groups. In this study, we test these ideas and find empirical support for our hypotheses.     

Segment Disclosure and Cost of Capital

We investigate whether segment disclosure influences cost of capital. Improved segment reporting is expected to decrease cost of capital by reducing estimation risk. However, in a competitive environment segment disclosure may also generate uncertainties about future prospects and lead to a larger cost of capital. Asset‐pricing tests confirm that segment disclosure is a priced risk factor. Also, segment disclosure reduces ex‐ante estimates of cost of equity capital and other measures connected to risk. These results suggest a negative relation between segment disclosure and cost of capital. Our results also show that competition reduces, but does not eliminate, the previous relationship.     

A cross-cultural study of consumer complaining behavior: VCR owners in the U.S. and Puerto Rico

This study investigates differences in complaining behavior between American and Puerto Rican VCR owners. It is proposed that in Puerto Rico, both cultural values and institutional barriers tend to impose restrictions on complaining behavior that do not exist in the U.S. Hypotheses are developed concerning the impact of cultural differences on: (a) perceptual and attitudinal antecedents to complaining in Day's (1984) model of complaining behavior, (b) the propensity to complain, and (c) the use of public vs. private actions.Results of the data analysis indicate that Puerto Rican VCR owners are less likely to complain than American VCR owners. Also, among complainers, Puerto Ricans were found less likely to take public actions than Americans. Only weak support was obtained for the predicted differences on the antecedent variables to complaining. Implications for marketers and public policy makers are discussed.

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Ein interkultureller Vergleich des Beschwerdeverhaltens von Konsumenten: Besitzer von Videokassettenrecordern in den USA und in Puerto Rico

Zusammenfassung Die Studie geht davon aus, daß in Puerto Rico sowohl kulturelle Werthaltungen als auch insitutionelle Barrieren das Beschwerdeverhalten von Konsumenten stärker einschränken als in den USA. Diskutiert werden fünf hinderliche Wertorientierungen, nämlich Passivität, internale Attribution, Abhängigkeit, Vermeidung von Unsicherheit und Fatalismus. Mit institutionellen Barrieren werden Eigenschaften der Marketinginstitutionen gemeint, die direktes Beschwerdeverhalten abwehren. Offensichtlich sind Marketingabteilungen in Puerto Rico weniger empfänglich für kritische Meinungen von Konsumenten als vergleichbare Einrichtungen in den Vereinigten Staaten.Bei der Hypothesenbildung werden die Einflußfaktoren auf das Beschwerdeverhalten nach dem Modell von Day(1984) benutzt, die mit kulturellen Unterschieden variieren dürften. Diese Einflußfaktoren sind(a) die wahrgenommenen Kosten der Beschwerde, (b) die subjektiv empfundene Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß die Beschwerde Erfolg haben wird, und (c) die Einstellung gegenüber dem Beschweren als Verhaltensweise. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zeigen bei Puertoricanern tatsächlich eine geringere Tendenz zum Beschwerdeverhalten als bei Amerikanern, wenn auch im einzelnen nicht alle Hypothesen durch die Daten gestützt werden. Der Beitrag diskutiert Schlußfolgerungen sowohl für das Marketing wie auch für die Verbraucherpolitik. Die Anbieter sollten die Empfänglichkeit für Konsumentenbeschwerden in Puerto Rico erhöhen. Kommunikationspolitische Maßnahmen der Hersteller von Videokassettenrecordern sollten den Konsumenten in Puerto Rico deutlich machen, daß ihnen die Zufriedenheit der Kunden ein echtes Anliegen ist.Andererseits sollte die staatliche Einrichtung für Konsumentenangelegenheiten in Puerto Rico Erziehungsprogramme entwickeln mit dem Ziel, Konsumenten deutlich zu machen, daß Beschwerdeführung bei Produktmängeln ein angemessenes und wünschenswertes Verhalten ist. Ebenso sollte diese Einrichtung prüfen, ob neue gesetzgeberische Maßnahmen zum Verbraucherschutz notwendig sind.

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Sigfredo A. Hernandez and William Strahle are Assistant Professors of Marketing and Robert C. Sorensen is Professor of Marketing at Rider College, Lawrenceville Rd, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA. Hector L. Garcia is Assistant Professor of Social Sciences at Universidad del Turabo, P.O. Box 3030, University Station, Gurabo, PR 00658, USA.