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31.
This paper addresses the problem of data errors in discrete variables. When data errors occur, the observed variable is a misclassified version of the variable of interest, whose distribution is not identified. Inferential problems caused by data errors have been conceptualized through convolution and mixture models. This paper introduces the direct misclassification approach. The approach is based on the observation that in the presence of classification errors, the relation between the distribution of the ‘true’ but unobservable variable and its misclassified representation is given by a linear system of simultaneous equations, in which the coefficient matrix is the matrix of misclassification probabilities. Formalizing the problem in these terms allows one to incorporate any prior information into the analysis through sets of restrictions on the matrix of misclassification probabilities. Such information can have strong identifying power. The direct misclassification approach fully exploits it to derive identification regions for any real functional of the distribution of interest. A method for estimating the identification regions and construct their confidence sets is given, and illustrated with an empirical analysis of the distribution of pension plan types using data from the Health and Retirement Study. 相似文献
32.
Each year, the government decides how much to raise benefits and tax allowances. In the UK, the basis for these upratings is rarely debated, yet has major long‐term consequences for the relative living standards of different groups as well as for the public finances. This paper considers the medium‐term implications of present uprating policies, which vary across parameters of the tax–benefit system. Continuing these policies for 20 years, other things staying the same, would result in a near doubling of the child poverty rate alongside a substantial gain to the public finances. At the same time, pensioners are largely protected by the earnings indexation of pensioner benefits including, in time, the basic state pension. We show how difficult it will be to meet the UK child poverty targets unless the greater inequality inherent in the current regime for uprating payments and allowances is redressed. 相似文献
33.
34.
Mary Ellen Carter Francesca Franco Mireia Gine 《Contemporary Accounting Research》2017,34(2):1232-1264
Using a large sample of executives in S&P 1500 firms over 1996–2010, we document significant salary and total compensation gaps between female and male executives and explore two possible explanations for the gaps. We find support for greater female risk aversion as one contributing factor. Female executives hold significantly lower equity incentives and demand larger salary premiums for bearing a given level of compensation risk. These results suggest that females’ risk aversion contributes to the observed lower pay levels through its effect on ex ante compensation structures. We also find evidence that the lack of gender diversity on corporate boards affects the size of the gaps. In firms with a higher proportion of female directors on the board, the gaps in salary and total pay levels are lower. Together, these findings suggest that female higher risk aversion may act as a barrier to full pay convergence, despite the mitigating effect from greater gender diversity on the board. 相似文献
35.
This paper analyses the regulation of the market of voice call termination on mobile networks, by considering the remedy of
asymmetric access charges and the hypothesis of discriminatory retail pricing. In the two way interconnection, the operators
revenue depends on two factors: the retail price and the access charge. If the retail prices are different between calls that
terminate on the same network (on-net) and calls that terminate on the rival network (off-net), the competition is more complex,
involving positive networks externalities for the incumbent operator. In order to reduce the competitive disadvantage for
new entrants and smaller operators many European regulation authorities have introduced the remedy of asymmetric access charges.
This paper is aimed at analysing the effectiveness of this regulatory measure, assuming that operators are differentiated
in terms of brand loyalty and cost structure. 相似文献
36.
This paper investigates SME financing in Italy. The literature distinguishes between two main different lending technologies (LTs) for SMEs: transactional and relationship LTs. We find that banks lend to SMEs by using both LTs together, independently of the size and proximity of borrowers. Moreover, we show that the use of soft information decreases the probability of firms being credit rationed. Finally, we find that more soft information is produced when the bank uses relationship LT as primary technology individually or coupled with transactional LT. Our results support the view that LTs can be complementary, but reject the hypothesis that substitutability among LTs is somehow possible for outsiders by means of hardening of soft information. 相似文献
37.
This paper gives some insight into the existence of a positive effect of family planning programmes on women's employment in developing countries. We study married women aged 15–49 living throughout India using a sample drawn from the National Health Family Survey (NFHS-2) for 1998–1999. We focus on a programme of doorstep services delivered by health or family planning (FP) workers who are sent to visit women in their assigned areas. Results derived from the estimation of fixed effect linear probability and conditional logit models show a positive and significant correlation of the share of women living in a local area (village, town or city) that has been visited by FP workers with the probability of women's employment. A multinomial analysis also shows that the largest positive effect of FP in rural India is to be found on paid work, as opposed to unpaid work, suggesting a potential empowering feedback of demographic measures through labour earnings. 相似文献
38.
Representing markets: The shaping of fashion trends by French and Italian fabric companies 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Diego Rinallo Author Vitae Francesca Golfetto Author Vitae 《Industrial Marketing Management》2006,35(7):856-869
In this paper, we use ethnographic methods to describe the market making activities of Première Vision, Paris, the leading trade fair in the clothing fabric industry. Through collective action and powerful representational practices, Première Vision's exhibitors affirm their style innovation and position themselves as trend setters. Our study extends the emerging literature on market forms and marketing practices by (i) introducing a different lens, based on the ideas of postmodern theorists, through which the nature of representation in industrial markets may be viewed and (ii) addressing the role of self-interested theorists, i.e. marketers who theorize about the market and its functioning in ways that are self-beneficial. Our paper also has implications for trade fair literature, which is mostly concerned with individual exhibitors' value appropriation strategies. The case of Première Vision shows that trade fairs may be considered as collective marketing instruments, thus highlighting the importance of organizers' value creation strategies. 相似文献
39.
Defending Gibrat’s Law as a long-run regularity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
According to Gibrat’s Law of Proportionate Effect, the growth rate of a given firm is independent of its size at the beginning
of the period examined. While earlier studies tended to confirm the Law, more recent research generally rejects it. This article
reconciles these two streams of literature, taking into account the role of market selection and learning in reshaping a given
population of firms through time. Consistently with previous studies, we find that Gibrat’s Law has to be rejected ex ante,
since smaller firms tend to grow faster than their larger counterparts. However, a significant convergence toward Gibrat-like
behavior can be detected ex post. This finding is an indication that market selection “cleans” the original population of
firms, so that the resulting industrial “core” does not depart from a Gibrat-like pattern of growth. From a theoretical point
of view, this result is consistent with those models based on passive and active learning, and can be seen as a defense of
the validity of the Law in the long-run.
相似文献
Marco VivarelliEmail: |
40.
Fabio Boncinelli Francesca Gerini Gabriele Pagnotta Frode Alfnes 《International Journal of Consumer Studies》2017,41(1):46-53
Unhealthy food choice is one of the main causes of being overweight. Nutritionists blame a particular category of food: junk food. Several authors have proposed a fat tax for reducing the junk food demand, but others have demonstrated that these taxes must be very high in order to be effective. Therefore, a warning label about calorie content may be an alternative way to reduce the consumption of junk food. In this exploratory study, using students as respondents, a high‐calorie warning label is explored with an incentive compatible valuation method. The results indicate that a high‐calorie warning label has little effect on respondents’ choices, even when they have no prior familiarity with the food. 相似文献