Business Cycles, the Exchange Rate, and Demand for Antidumping Protection in Mexico

Antidumping actions in the US and EU are known to be linked to macroeconomic conditions. In part, this is because positive injury findings may be easier to make in a downturn, increasing the chance of success for complainants. We explore the evidence for Mexico, one of the main “new” antidumping regimes. Injury determination is also critical in Mexico’s antidumping policy, as a majority of unsuccessful complaints have been rejected because of negative injury findings rather than negative findings of dumping. Working with data from 1987 to 2000, we provide evidence for a relationship between macroeconomic factors and antidumping complaints, including current account and exchange rate movements, and both local and global general macroeconomic conditions.     

THE LEVEL OF WORLD INEQUALITY: HOW MUCH CAN ONE SAY?

This paper constructs estimates of income and consumption inequality for the world (124 countries), using various measures of inequality. It then goes on to examine the possible effects of various sources of error in the estimates, and attempts to set rough limits to the size of such effects. Among the sources of error examined are purchasing power parities used for currency conversion, systematic errors in estimates of per capita incomes, differences in age structure, government tax and expenditure policy, and lifetime income effects. The paper concludes that, although the level of uncertainty in the estimates is too great to permit conclusions about, for instance, trends over time, it is clear that the level of world inequality is extreme, and that it is primarily due to differences in average incomes across countries rather than to intra-country inequality.     

Adapting to environmental jolts

This paper examines organizational adaptations to an environmental jolt--a sudden and unprecedented event (in this case, a doctors' strike)-- that created a natural experiment within a group of hospitals. Although adaptations were diverse and appeared anomalous, they are elucidated by considering the hospitals' antecedent strategies, structures, ideologies, and stockpiles of slack resources. Assessments of the primacy of the antecedents suggest that ideological and strategic variables are better predictors of adaptations to jolts than are structural variables or measures of organizational slack. Although abrupt changes in environments are commonly thought to jeopardize organizations, environmental jolts are found to be ambiguous events that offer propitious opportunities for organizational learning, administrative drama, and introducing unrelated changes.     

Economic Analyses of Mergers at the FTC: The Cruise Ships Mergers Investigation

This paper provides an overview of how economists atthe Federal Trade Commission assess the potentialcompetitive effects of mergers, with a focus on thetypes of quantitative analyses frequently employed.The paper first outlines the general approach employedat the Federal Trade Commission to review mergers.The paper then describes analyses done in theinvestigation of proposed mergers in the cruiseline industry as a specific example. Of particularinterest in this example are the analyses used toassess the potential for coordinated interaction asa result of the merger.     

The impact of supervisor interpersonal justice on supervisor-directed citizenship behaviors in social enterprises: a moderated mediation model

Abstract

While prior research has examined the strategic role of social enterprise managers in the achievement of a double economic and social performance objective, a clear understanding of the supervisors’ role in fostering employees’ attitudes and behaviors is still lacking. To address this gap, our paper aims to examine the impact of supervisor interpersonal justice on supervisor-directed citizenship behaviors by developing a moderated mediation model. Survey data were collected from 196 supervisor-subordinate dyads employed in diverse French social enterprises. Our results show that psychological contract breach mediates the supervisor interpersonal justice – supervisor-directed citizenship behaviors relationship. Further, employees’ prosocial motivations moderate this indirect effect. Our research provides insight into the mechanisms of social exchange relationships in social enterprises. In a practical perspective, it also demonstrates that the development of an effective HRM in social enterprises requires the implementation of specific training and development programs for managers.     

Going Out by Going In: Business Model Innovation with Chinese Characteristics

A radical model of “going out by going in” is proposed. Conventionally, firms enter overseas markets by selling and ultimately investing—this is “going out.” Here, I argue that firms in emerging markets can draw revenues from overseas by penetrating previously inaccessible domestic markets and then renting their distribution and service channels to foreign competitors—this is “going out by going in.” Further, firms in emerging markets can combine knowledge platforms with distribution and service platforms to create markets for innovative products and, again, rent these platforms to overseas competitors. Two cases, both from the Haier Group, are on point: Haier's Integrated Channel Services business targeting rural markets, and the Haier “water box” project aimed at supplying potable water to households throughout China. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Academic entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial academics? research–based ventures and public support mechanisms

The emergence of a new mode of knowledge production, the formation of a 'Triple Helix' of university–industry–government, and the advent of the academic entrepreneur – all these different developments point, in one way or another, to the increased attention that is being paid to the economic utilization of publicly funded research. One way to utilize academic research in a commercial manner is to set up university spin–off companies. We shall discuss the phenomenon of academic entrepreneurship in the context of public support mechanisms and incentive structures. One key finding is that support mechanisms do not necessarily promote academic entrepreneurship but further the development of a behavioural pattern that can be associated with the notion of the 'entrepreneurial academic'– scientists in public sector organizations who are not necessarily interested in setting up a fast–growing company but looking for other avenues in which they can pursue their research interests. Badly targeted support mechanisms can have a negative impact on the growth–pattern of science–based SMEs by providing a distorted set of incentives. We shall discuss some of these support mechanisms in detail and illustrate effects they have had on the development of four research–based ventures.