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971.
We study the role of geography in R&D networks by means of a quantitative, micro-geographic approach. Using a large database that covers international R&D collaborations from 1984 to 2009, we localize each actor precisely in space through its latitude and longitude. This allows us to analyze the R&D network at all geographic scales simultaneously. Our empirical results show that despite the high importance of the city level, transnational R&D collaborations at large distances are much more frequent than expected from similar networks. This provides evidence for the ambiguity of distance in economic collaboration which is also suggested by the existing literature. In addition we test whether the hypothesis of local buzz and global pipelines applies to the observed R&D network by calculating well-defined metrics from network theory. 相似文献
972.
This paper demonstrates that technological progress in production of renewable energy can influence the extraction path of fossil fuels indirectly by a change in the equilibrium interest rate. We show in a simple model that the indirect effect can be so strong that first-period or even aggregate extraction levels rise with green technological progress, contrary to popular expectations. 相似文献
973.
Our theory explains how multi-product corporations that engage in customer-centric diversification can create and sustain corporate advantage. First, we invoke the concept of customer-centric assets to explain their role as the cornerstone of corporate advantage in customer-centric diversification. Second, our explanation of the corporate advantage in customer-centric diversification goes beyond the hypothetical ‘consumer synergies’ argument to also include the ‘market-power advantage’ argument. We explain the mechanisms employed by multi-product firms to share and/or leverage their customer-centric assets to create corporate advantage. Third, we explain how sustaining the corporate advantage so achieved requires the organizational-renewal activities to go beyond simply addressing the changing nature of the firm’s demand-side resource (i.e. customer-base) to manage revenue and/or profits. 相似文献
974.
University Students' Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Comparative Analysis of Hong Kong and Guangzhou 下载免费PDF全文
Based on original survey data, this paper analyses and compares the role of personal traits and networks in determining entrepreneurial intentions of students in Hong Kong and in Guangzhou. The two cities are culturally closely related but differ strongly with respect to their labor market conditions and the maturity of their legal and business environments. We find that the determinants of students' entrepreneurial intentions differ substantially between Hong Kong and Guangzhou, with the findings for Hong Kong showing much similarity with previous findings for Western economies. This suggests that differences in labor market prospects and in the maturity of their legal and business environments might be more important than cultural (dis‐)similarities in identifying key factors forming students' entrepreneurial intentions. 相似文献
975.
The decade of the 1980s was a difficult time for companies marketing goods and services in Ireland. The business environment was dominated by high unemployment and economic recession, due to a combination of internal and external factors, which dampened consumer confidence and restrained spending. Fortunately, the economy is recovering rapidly in the 1990s, with low interest rates leading to greater confidence which, in turn, is promoting both increased investment and consumer spending. The prospects for the remainder of the 1990s look favourable assuming stability in the business environment.This paper describes key features of the Irish economy, demography and society which determine the nature of the consumer market, and examines the variables that affect its performance. It also outlines the structure of the macromarketing environment and highlights important trends. It concludes with a discussion of the future outlook for the market and examines some of the implications for marketing management. 相似文献
976.
Frank J. Harrigan 《Economic Systems Research》1990,2(1):17-25
This paper demonstrates that the posterior estimates given by two common formulations of ‘data reconciliation’ problems result in better quality data. ‘Better quality data’ is interpreted in terms of the closeness of the posterior estimates to the true but unknown values. It is also shown that more or improved information further improves the quality of the posterior estimates. These results provide a deterministic rationale for the reconciliation of inconsistent economic data. 相似文献
977.
This paper briefly analyzes the state of vehicular pollution and control measures in Hong Kong. Vehicular emissions contribute largely to Hong Kong's air pollution and will become more important as the vehicle fleet expands. Hong Kong is unique in that a large fraction of its vehicles use diesel engines. The analysis here explicitly accounts for the composition of emissions and quantifies the relative magnitude of emissions by each of the five main sources: private cars, taxis, light buses, heavy buses, and lorries. The paper analyzes alternative pollution control policies with respect to effectiveness and efficiency. 相似文献
978.
A well-known way of using tendency survey data is the construction of Composite Leading Indicators (CLIs). It is rather peculiar that CLIs pretend to predict macroeconomic aggregates, while their construction is not consistent with the way actual macroeconomic statistics are compiled. This paper contains preliminary results of an attempt to integrate tendency survey indicators into the framework of the Dutch Quarterly Accounts. We conclude that tendency survey indicators can contribute to an explanation of trends in "real" economic variables. Many of these indicators lead the Quarterly Accounts indicators. They can, therefore, contribute to a timely estimation of National Accounts aggregates. 相似文献
979.
To begin with, it is argued that consumer demand theory has resulted in narrowly econometric more than broadly managerial applications. Further, Lancaster's recognition of the intrinsic attributes of goods has not been adequately exploited. Lancaster is summarized and appraised and empirical work to date reviewed. Finally a test of the characteristics hypothesis is given, using survey data on beer consumption. Subjectivity of choice is explicitly recognized and factor analysis is used to evaluate the components of demand of which quality and price variables appear to dominate. With the matching of the people-characteristics features (demand) and the technical goods-characteristics attributes (supply) a method of predicting demand is derived. This methodology may be used for a wide range of consumer goods. 相似文献
980.
The potential for mutually beneficial trade negotiations between the United States and advanced LDCs
Zusammenfassung Das Potential für beidseitig vorteilhafte Zollverhandlungen zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und fortgeschrittenen Entwicklungsl?ndern.
— Dieser Aufsatz versucht, das Potential für beidseitig vorteilhafte Zollsenkungen zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und einer
Auswahl ihrer gr?\ten Handelspartner unter den Entwicklungsl?ndern zu bestimmen. Ein partielles DreiL?nder-Gleichgewichtsmodell
wird benutzt, um die direkten und indirekten Wirkungen auf den Au\enhandel abzusch?tzen, wenn die Zolls?tze bei den Gütern
gesenkt Єrden, für die jedes Land Hauptlieferant ist. Diese Sch?tzungen best?tigen die bedeutenden potentiellen Vorteile von
Zollsenkungen; jedoch zeigt eine eingehende Produktanalyse, da\ die Mehrheit der in Betracht kommenden Güter von amerikanischen
Politikern bereits als ?import-sensibel? angesehen wird.
Résumé Le potentiel des négociations mutuellement béneficiares sur le commerce extérieur entre les Etats Unis et les PVD avancés. — Ce papier essaie de déterminer le potentiel des réductions tarifaires mutuellement béneficiaires entre les Etats Unis et un échantillon des ses partenaires commerciaux les plus grands parmi les PVD. Nous appliquons un modèle de trois-pays et d’équilibre partiel pour estimer les effets commerciaux directs et ?spill-over? des réductions tarifaires pour des biens offerts principalement par chaque pays. Ces estimations documentent les bénéfices potentiels significatives des réductions tarifaires cependant les analyses détaillées de bien révèlent une majorité des produits négociables déjà considérés comme sensitifs aux importations par les politiciens des Etats Unis.
Resumen El potencial para negociaciones comerciales mutuamente beneficiosas entre los EEUU y los países en desarrollo más avanzados. — En este articulo se trata de determinar el potencial de reducciones tarifarias mutuamente beneficiosas entre los EEUU y una muestra de sus socios comerciales más importantes. Un modelo de equilibrio parcial de tres países es usado para estimar los efectos comerciales directes y de ?spill-over? de reducciones tarifarias sobre items en los cuales cada país es el principal oferente. Estas estimaciones documentan los beneficios potenciales significativos de las reducciones tarifarias; sin embargo, un análisis detallado por productos revela que la mayoría de los productos negociables ya han sido considerados como sensibles a la importación por los formuladores de políticas de los EEUU.相似文献