Education's stake in communications policy

The interfaces between educational policy and communications policy are often of greater and more lasting significance than the scant attention they usually receive would seem to indicate. In the USA, some of the leading non-governmental associations in education have, for more than twenty five years, participated in a consortium whose mission is to bridge that gap and to assist the educational community to contribute to, and participate in, the process of formulating communications policy.     

THE SEERS MODIFIED INPUT-OUTPUT TABLE: SOME PROJECTION TECHNIQUES

Dudley Seers and his colleagues in working with various less developed economies have proposed a modified version of an input-output table for making projections and tests of consistency in planning. The table includes only the important inter-sectoral flows. By making a simplifying assumption with regard to the non-included inter-sectoral flows, an algebraic formulation of the modified input-output table is possible. The resulting matrix of input-output coefficients and final demands can be transformed into a Leontief input-output matrix which is block triangular and composed of two-blocks, one of which is diagonal. Given a set of final demands it is very easy to solve for the total output of each of the sectors. The amount of computation involved is directly related to the number of intersectoral flows included in the original modified input-output table.     

Cyclical variations of advertising and personal selling

This paper examines the cyclical behavior of advertising and personal selling, the two major promotional tools, during the period 1958–1976. The study concludes that while advertising expenditures have fluctuated with business cycles (up following increases in corporate income, sometimes up and sometimes down following decreases in corporate income), personal selling effort has shown a steady increase over time, regardless of cyclical moves. The paper also examines economic theory and managerial concerns in order to explain the behavior observed.