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81.
The internationalisation of the firm is a highly dynamic process, in which periods of investment and expansion intermingle with periods of divestment and retrenchment. Academic research to date has focused on identifying the reasons for and the processes of divestment. Empirical studies either evidence generic pressures or provide case studies of specific incidents. There few longitudinal studies of international divestment, consequently the dynamic interactions between host market, home market and firm level factors, and how the institutional context changes over time is underplayed. This paper seeks to rectify this gap in our understanding.We explore the rationale and evolving dynamics of European grocery retail divestment in East Asia over a thirty year period. Taking an inductive approach and drawing on analysis of contemporary narratives drawn from company documentation, trade journals, newsfeeds and market reports, three phases can be identified characterised by specific factors and combinations of factors which intersect to provide the key pressures and stimuli for divestment. We conclude that at different time periods, different internal and external contextual influences manifest themselves through different priorities within the firm’s strategy – marked by a switch from local (host) market, to regional, to global firm-centric considerations. Longitudinal analyses allow a greater recognition of this dynamic interplay of factors, and the changes in these relationships, and provides a more nuanced understanding of the international divestment process. 相似文献
82.
An empirical study using two ethics-related and three sales force outcome variables was conducted in Taiwan and compared to an existing U.S. sample. Across the two national cultures, individual perceptions of corporate ethics appears to be a more direct determinant of organizational commitment than individual moral values. Differences between the two national cultures were found in ethics perception as it relates to moral values, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. Explanations for the differences are discussed. 相似文献
83.
Lawrence Edwards Neil Rankin 《The journal of international trade & economic development》2016,25(2):266-289
This paper presents a price-based assessment of product market integration in Africa using disaggregated retail prices for 91 products and 12 African cities from 1991 to 2008. We find evidence of substantial deviations from the law of one price ? product price differences between the cities averaged 76% over the period – a result that is consistent with the presence of large barriers to trade in the continent. Mean price differences across cities fell by close to a quarter over the period, but the decline was concentrated in the early 1990s with little progress subsequently, despite the regional trade policies implemented by the countries. Gravity-style estimates reveal that reductions in external tariffs and global trends towards price convergence in the early 1990s are the key contributors to the trend in price integration amongst the African cities. 相似文献
84.
This study examines a comprehensive range of executional elements in a sample of permission-based e-mail marketing campaigns. The sample comprised almost 1000 promotional e-mails sent over an 18-month period by twenty leading U.K. e-retailers. Content analyses of the e-mail campaigns reveal that different tactics of format, address, subject lines, hyperlinks and interactivity are applied to initially attract customers' attention and then encourage further interest. Interviews with nine of the twenty marketing executives who designed the campaigns pointed to managers' reasons for use of the tactical alternatives. 相似文献
85.
Deborah A. O’Neil Margaret M. Hopkins Diana Bilimoria 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,80(4):727-743
In this article we assess the extant literature on women’s careers appearing in selected career, management and psychology
journals from 1990 to the present to determine what is currently known about the state of women’s careers at the dawn of the
21st century. Based on this review, we identify four patterns that cumulatively contribute to the current state of the literature
on women’s careers: women’s careers are embedded in women’s larger-life contexts, families and careers are central to women’s lives, women’s career paths reflect a wide range and variety of patterns, and human and social
capital are critical factors for women’s careers. We also identify paradoxes that highlight the disconnection between organizational
practice and scholarly research associated with each of the identified patterns. Our overall conclusion is that male-defined
constructions of work and career success continue to dominate organizational research and practice.
We provide direction for a research agenda on women’s careers that addresses the development of integrative career theories
relevant for women’s contemporary lives in hopes of providing fresh avenues for conceptualizing career success for women.
Propositions are identified for more strongly connecting career scholarship to organizational practice in support of women’s
continued career advancement. 相似文献
86.
This paper addresses the criticism recently directed at Internet companies who have chosen to do business in China. Currently,
in order to conduct business in China, companies must agree to the Chinese government’s rule of self-censoring any information
the government deems inappropriate. We start by explaining how some of these companies have violated the human rights of Chinese
citizens to freely trade information. We then analyze whether the justifications and excuses offered by these companies are
sufficient to absolve them of moral responsibility. We argue that both justifications and excuses offered are insufficient.
Wilfully abiding by unjust laws, albeit necessary to do business in China, should not trump moral actions that protect rights.
“This
is not something we did enthusiastically, or not something that we are proud of at all.”– Elliot Schrage answering questions from Congress regarding Google’s decision to censor its Internet searches in China
Neil Haddow is currently finishing his PhD in philosophy at the University of Waterloo. His interests are moral and political
philosophy at the theoretical and applied levels. He is the co-author of another paper forthcoming in The Journal of Business
Ethics on age discrimination and automobile insurance.
G. Elijah Dann presently lectures for the Department of Philosophy at the University of Toronto. He is author of After Rorty:
The possibilities for ethics and religious belief (Continuum Press, 2006), and is editor of a forthcoming book on Christianity
entitled, Leaving Fundamentalism (Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2007). 相似文献
87.
Environmental factors of food literacy in Australian high schools: views of home economics teachers 下载免费PDF全文
Rimante Ronto Lauren Ball Donna Pendergast Neil Harris 《International Journal of Consumer Studies》2017,41(1):19-27
This study set out to examine environmental factors impacting on the food literacy of adolescents. It utilized data from a nation‐wide survey of home economics teachers regarding their experience of food literacy education in Australian high schools. Content analysis and the ANGELO framework were applied to analyse free‐text comments from 78 of the respondents that were collected as part of a more extensive data set. The analysis of environmental factors revealed three enablers and ten barriers that could influence food literacy education delivered by high schools in Australia. High schools are well positioned to improve adolescents’ food literacy through a comprehensive, hands‐on approach in home economics. However, many environmental barriers were reported that could influence food literacy education in Australian high schools such as: lack of teaching materials and facilities, and human resources; the perceived inadequacy of the Australian school curriculum; non‐supportive school canteens; and negative role modelling. This study points to the need to eliminate or reduce these environmental barriers impacting on the capacity for effective food literacy education in high schools to help adolescents increase their food literacy and thereby support them in making informed food choices. 相似文献
88.
Eugene Kang Asghar Zardkoohi Ramona L. Paetzold Donald Fraser 《Small Business Economics》2013,40(4):899-910
The relationship banking literature suggests that business relationships play an important role in the loan decisions of small banks. We test one aspect of this hypothesis using a cross-sectional panel dataset of small banks located in Texas from 1994 to 2002. Our results suggest that small banks located in smaller counties escalate their commitment to bad loans when compared with those located in larger counties, even after controlling for psychological and social factors that influence escalation tendencies. These results highlight the need for small banks to trade-off the positive benefits of adopting a relationship banking strategy against its unintended negative consequence. We provide some suggestions on how small banks may lessen their escalation tendencies despite adopting a relationship banking strategy. The results of this study also suggest that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that develop strong relational bonds with small banks may benefit from continued access to credit facilities, especially during periods when they experience financial distress. 相似文献
89.
Background music captures attention, evokes images, and creates ambience, but may interfere with processing of advertised messages, reducing recall. Brains are hardwired to process unexpected background sound changes first, automatically preempting processing of brand message elements and reducing recall. The degree of this recall reduction depends on the structural characteristics of the music, as well as the advertised brand. Backgrounds with more frequent harmonic and textural changes create more frequent distraction, reducing message recall. Faster tempos increase the frequency of those distractions. However, faster tempos also enable streaming of like distractions, improving message recall. In Experiment 1, backgrounds, varying in harmonic, textural, and temporal characteristics, were compared across ads for six brands. Message recall was higher for ads with backgrounds with less‐frequent change. Message recall from ads for new, unfamiliar brands suffered more from background music interference than from ads for established brands. In Experiment 2, background change frequency was reduced in two ads, holding all else constant, which improved message recall. 相似文献
90.