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11.
This paper provides an overview of the human capital literature, focusing on the firm's incentives and disincentives to invest in human capital and subsequently to account for the investments. The evidence suggests human capital investment decisions are intrinsically linked to the success of a business and ultimately to the probability of survival. However, disclosure is largely a voluntary choice by managers as there are few formal disclosure requirements. The conclusion from the evidence shows that the benefits to stakeholders of disclosing information relating to human capital investment are likely to outweigh the costs and suggests a wide range of topics for future research. 相似文献
12.
Andres Frick Jochen Hartwig Boriss Siliverstovs 《International Review of Applied Economics》2012,26(1):27-45
During the 2008/2009 recession, most countries resorted to discretionary fiscal policy measures. In this paper, we run two simulations with the KOF Swiss Economic Institute’s macroeconomic model to assess how both the Swiss stimulus measures, and the measures taken by Switzerland’s major trading partners, have affected the Swiss economy. The KOF baseline estimate incorporates fiscal stimulus packages in Switzerland and abroad. We re-run the model, modifying the exogenous variables to represent situations in which no fiscal action was taken (a) in Switzerland and (b) elsewhere. We find that the spillover from the foreign efforts to curb the recession dwarfs the effect of the domestic stimulus packages. In addition to making its own (rather limited) efforts to fight the recession, Switzerland also took a long free-ride that far exceeded the short one it paid for. 相似文献
13.
The trickle-down effect: how elite sporting success affects amateur participation in German football
The trickle-down effect assumes that sporting success at the elite sport level descends down to the amateur sport level in the sense that people are inspired by sporting success to participate themselves. Previous research failed to find convincing evidence for this relationship, mostly because the data used and the methods applied (e.g. cross-sectional data, primary data, correlations) were not adequate. This study addresses these shortcomings and examines the effect of national sporting success on amateur sport participation in German football using longitudinal data from 1950 to 2014. Since an individual’s decision to participate in sport also depends on other factors, the regression models also control for working hours, real wages etc. The results show that only World Cup title wins of the men’s national team have a positive and statistically significant impact on the number of and percentage changes in individual club memberships, clubs and teams. The coefficients of European Championship titles and title wins of the women’s national team turn out to be mostly insignificant. Future research should examine the reasons as to why only title wins by the men’s team have a measurable inspirational effect on amateur sport participation in football. 相似文献
14.
The federal/state Medicaid program is designed to provide health insurance for the nation's poorest, yet between 15 and 20
percent of the population continue to have no health insurance. Classic utility-based insurance theory is examined to see
if it well explains why some do and some do not purchase health insurance at the state level or if a host of other non-economic
factors are needed. This pooled, cross-sectional time-series analysis shows that the state characteristics most strongly associated
with the prevalence of a lack of health insurance is the percent of persons whose income falls below the poverty line, the
percent of the state's population that is female and the percent of the population with only a high school education. This
analysis suggests that the starting point for policies aimed at limiting the number of insured should be limiting poverty
and perhaps recognizing the gender/education influence in designing state eligibility requirements. 相似文献
15.
Kevin D. Frick 《Atlantic Economic Journal》1999,27(2):121-134
One theory of insurance markets suggests that entering insurers expect incumbent insurers to react to the entry of new products,
offering a combination of products where, breaking even, one makes positive economic profits and the other makes a loss. This
theory is extended to include moral hazard, in which the magnitude of the loss depends on insurance coverage, and a stylized
model of managed care. With moral hazard, cross-subsidization is still predicted. In contrast to prior results, the coverage
for the highest risk individuals will vary with the portion of high-risk individuals in the market. The inclusion of managed
care as a signaling instrument does not disrupt cross-product subsidization. These theoretical predictions are discussed in
light of the absence of empirical support to date and in light of other factors that might limit or enhance an insurer's ability
to subsidize across products. 相似文献
16.
This paper develops a multiple-period theoretical model of health maintenance organization (HMO) coverage of medical procedures as a function of HMO competition and a market's predisposition toward managed care. Previous empirical results regarding one laser procedure were not predicted by a single-period model. The new model predicts that more favorable predisposition toward managed care is positively associated with coverage of procedures for which coverage is discretionary. The empirical analysis in this paper focuses on 13 additional laser procedures. The new empirical findings are different from the previous findings and are more consistent with the hypotheses generated by the new theoretical model.The data were obtained under a grant from the Office of Technology Assessment (HMO Laser Procedure Coverage) and the University of Michigan Rackham Pre-doctoral Fellowship (InterStudy). The authors would like to thank an anonymous reviewer and participants at a session sponsored by the International Atlantic Economic Society at the 1998 Allied Social Science Association meetings, Chicago, IL, for their helpful comments. Any remaining errors belong to the authors. 相似文献
17.
This paper applies stochastic production frontier models with time-varying technical efficiency to a panel data set including
hitherto unavailable information on team wage bills from the first division in German professional soccer (the “Bundesliga”)
covering the years 1981–2003. We demonstrate that individual teams experience significant variation in technical efficiency
over an extended period of 22 seasons while the league’s average level of efficiency remains constant over time. More detailed
analyses reveal that, first, the decision to fire or to retain the head coach is mainly influenced by changes in managerial
efficiency between two adjacent seasons and, second, relegated teams on average experience considerable reductions in technical
efficiency compared to the previous season. 相似文献
18.
We use the Bosman ruling, which invalidated restrictions on the maximum number of foreign players allowed on professional football teams, to identify a causal positive impact of foreign players in German Bundesliga clubs on the individual performance of their domestic teammates. 相似文献
19.
In this article, we argue that potential inefficiencies on betting markets are more likely to exist at the very beginning of a season, when the available information on the teams’ playing strength is difficult to evaluate. This lack of reliable information should be particularly large in the case of recently promoted teams that have typically undergone major changes in the composition of their roster following their promotion. Without any information on the latter teams’ potential performance, they are particularly difficult to evaluate, which may eventually lead to inefficiencies and positive returns on investment in the betting market. We analyse odds from German first division Bundesliga soccer for the seasons from 2002/03 to 2015/16 to find betting market inefficiencies at the start of the season. As expected, betting on recently promoted team wins generates temporarily positive returns, especially for away games. These results suggest bookmakers to underestimate promoted teams’ ability to familiarize with the conditions in the new league, such as having to play in front of larger, often hostile crowds. 相似文献
20.