Mutual Fund Trading Pressure: Firm‐Level Stock Price Impact and Timing of SEOs

We use price pressure resulting from purchases by mutual funds with large capital inflows to identify overvalued equity. This is a relatively exogenous overvaluation indicator as it is associated with who is buying—buyers with excess liquidity—rather than what is being purchased. We document substantial stock price impact associated with purchases by high‐inflow mutual funds, and find the probability of a seasoned equity offering (SEO), insider sales, and the probability of a stock‐based acquisition increase significantly in the four quarters following the mutual fund buying pressure. These results provide new evidence that firm managers are able to identify and exploit overvalued equity.     

Smoking Behavior,Information Sources,and Consumption Values of Teenagers: Implications for Public Policy and Other Intervention Failures

This paper uses a hierarchical decision process model, uses of information, and a theory of consumption values as a strategic framework for evaluating the general failure of intervention strategies for teenage smoking initiation. Extremely high smoking consideration-to-trial rates and rapid cessation by occasional smokers provide narrow but unused strategic opportunities for intervention. Use of information sources varies by stage of model with interpersonal sources dominating consideration, trial, and cessation stages and mass media showing only a slightly increasing use in cessation compared to the earlier stages. The decision process model and consumption values are necessary for planning strategic interventions. Existing intervention programs are not appropriately targeted in the decision process. Programs should be developed to reduce the smoking consideration to trial rates in younger children and to encourage rapid cessation in older teenagers. The use of either print or broadcast mass media intervention programs is not supported.     

The Contribution of Employment Separation to Teenage Unemployment*

In this paper we analyze the relationship between labour market flows and the unemployment rate of teenagers compared to males aged 25–54 years. For 1979–80 teenagers separated from employment at approximately five times the rate of adult males and this was the principal factor associated with their high rate of unemployment. Job-finding success from unemployment and from outside the labour force is approximately the same for each labour market group. A special feature is the analysis of gross flows between full-time and part-time employment. Labour market flows involving part-time employment account for little of the unemployment rate difference.     

IMPACT OF INCOME AND WIFE'S EDUCATION ON FAMILY CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES

Data from the 1972–73 Consumer Expenditure Surveys were used to investigate whether wife's education influences family expenditure once the effects of income and other factors are taken into account. The double-log function was used in the multiple regression analysis of fifteen consumption expenditure categories. Education and income elasticities were also compared. Wife's education was influential in determining family consumption expenditures even after taking family income and other factors into account.     

A model of standard setting in auditing

Abstract. Auditing is modeled as a monitoring device to moderate information asymmetry between a firm manager and a consumer-investor in a contingent claims, general equilibrium model of a production economy. The firm manager may bias his report of state realization and returns to security holders. The role of the audit is to probabilistically discover and correct any such bias. Managers, who share in firm value, choose audit intensity in response to market forces. The market solution is characterized by a lack of unanimity between managers and consumer-investors with respect to audit intensity. This creates a demand by consumer-investors for Central Authority intervention. Standard setting is, thus, modeled as a response to public demands to remedy perceived shortcomings of a market solution. Some of the consequences of such intervention are examined. Résumé. La vérification représente un mécanisme de surveillance servant à réduire l'asymétrie d'information entre le gestionnaire et l'investisseur-consommateur, dans le cadre d'un modèle d‘économie de production fondé sur les réclamations éventuelles et Téquilibre général. Le gestionnaire peut “biaiser” le compte rendu des résultats et rendements présenté aux détenteurs de titres. Le rôle de la vérification consiste à découvrir (de façon probabiliste) et corriger toute forme de ce type de biais. Les gestionnaires, partageant dans la valeur de l'entreprise, choisissent l'intensité de la vérification en réaction aux pressions du marché. L'absence de consensus entre les gestionnaires et les consommateurs-investisseurs quant à l'intensité de la vérification caractérise la solution du marché. Cet état de fait suscite chez les consommateurs-investisseurs une demande d'intervention de la part d'une “autorité centrale”. La normalisation est dès lors assimilée à une réaction face aux demandes du public pour corriger les carences visibles de la solution du marché. Quelques conséquences d'une telle intervention sont étudiées ici.