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81.
Tom Hoedemakers Jan Beirlant Marc J. Goovaerts Jan Dhaene 《Scandinavian actuarial journal》2013,2013(1):25-45
Renshaw and Verrall [] specified the generalized linear model (GLM) underlying the chain-ladder technique and suggested some other GLMs which might be useful in claims reserving. The purpose of this paper is to construct bounds for the discounted loss reserve within the framework of GLMs. Exact calculation of the distribution of the total reserve is not feasible, and hence the determination of lower and upper bounds with a simpler structure is a possible way out. The paper ends with numerical examples illustrating the usefulness of the presented approximations. 相似文献
82.
What is culture? A reply to Baskerville 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Baskerville does not realize that there exist different paradigms in the social sciences about the meaning of “culture”, leading to different research approaches. Her arguments are therefore largely irrelevant to cross-cultural accounting research. 相似文献
83.
Victor A. Gilsing Charmianne E. A. V. Lemmens Geert Duysters 《Technology Analysis & Strategic Management》2007,19(2):227-249
Over the past decades we have witnessed a tremendous growth in the number of strategic technology alliances and a growing importance of interfirm collaboration in the high-tech sectors. The literature on these topics has grown accordingly. In this respect, our paper serves two aims. One is to provide an overview of the consensus on key issues in this vast body of literature. Second is to identify some major gaps in this literature that may inform future research. In serving these aims, we first discuss the dominant structuralist perspective that stresses the role of embeddedness, but which also reflects a deterministic stance as if firms are subject to an exogenous structure. In contrast, we also explore a more voluntaristic view of how firms may possibly shape their network in view of achieving their strategic aims. This view also seems better able to capture change and network dynamics, an issue that has been largely ignored by the structuralist view. 相似文献
84.
This article is about multi-regime interactions in energy sectors. Multi-regime interactions are interactions between fairly well defined and separated systems of production, intermediation and use. It is argued that multi-regime interactions have been underexposed in previous innovation literature, yet it is hypothesized that multi-regime interactions are critically important for understanding transition processes, and in particular for current transitions in European energy sectors. Based on a case study on combined heat and power (CHP) in the Netherlands, a typology is developed of four types of interaction: competition, symbiosis, integration and spill over. 相似文献
85.
Geert Jan Hamilton 《保险科学杂志》2000,89(2-3):259-268
In the Netherlands, a “dual system” with a public and private sector has been established for health insurance. The advantage of this system is that the positive aspects of a good social policy with room for the employer are combined in order to avoid the buroc-racy and rigidity of a purely public system. In spite of the good experiences with this system over the last years, the Public Health Service is changing and innovations must be given a chance. This explains the willingness of the Netherlands to exchange practical experience with other countries and to discuss with other EU members the possibility of a combined orientated development of the Public Health Service system within the EU. 相似文献
86.
J. Dhaene S. Vanduffel M. J. Goovaerts R. Kaas D. Vyncke 《The Journal of risk and insurance》2005,72(2):253-300
We investigate multiperiod portfolio selection problems in a Black and Scholes type market where a basket of 1 riskfree and m risky securities are traded continuously. We look for the optimal allocation of wealth within the class of “constant mix” portfolios. First, we consider the portfolio selection problem of a decision maker who invests money at predetermined points in time in order to obtain a target capital at the end of the time period under consideration. A second problem concerns a decision maker who invests some amount of money (the initial wealth or provision) in order to be able to fullfil a series of future consumptions or payment obligations. Several optimality criteria and their interpretation within Yaari's dual theory of choice under risk are presented. For both selection problems, we propose accurate approximations based on the concept of comonotonicity, as studied in Dhaene et al. (2002 a,b) . Our analytical approach avoids simulation, and hence reduces the computing effort drastically. 相似文献
87.
This article presents the most relevant findings of a case study on tourist accommodation facilities in the Southern Maputaland Biosphere Reserve. The aim of the study was to gather information on the benefits and costs associated with the operation of existing tourist accommodation in the subregion. Twenty private tourism operations ranging from upmarket game lodges to bed and breakfast facilities were sampled. The results present a comparison of indicators of the economic impact and efficiency of tourism, such as revenue generation, annual rates of return on investment, employment creation and wage levels between various types of tourism operation as well as between tourism as a land use option and the alternative of agriculture. They also highlight the economic importance of the protected areas to the local tourism industry. 相似文献
88.
Conditioning Information and Variance Bounds on Pricing Kernels 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Gallant, Hansen, and Tauchen (1990) show how to use conditioninginformation optimally to construct a sharper unconditional variancebound (the GHT bound) on pricing kernels. The literature predominantlyresorts to a simple but suboptimal procedure that scales returnswith predictive instruments and computes standard bounds usingthe original and scaled returns. This article provides a formalbridge between the two approaches. We propose an optimally scaledbound that coincides with the GHT bound when the first and secondconditional moments are known. When these moments are misspecified,our optimally scaled bound yields a valid lower bound for thestandard deviation of pricing kernels, whereas the GHT bounddoes not. We illustrate the behavior of the bounds using a numberof linear and nonlinear models for consumption growth and bondand stock returns. We also illustrate how the optimally scaledbound can be used as a diagnostic for the specification of thefirst two conditional moments of asset returns. 相似文献
89.
Jan Dhaene Andreas Tsanakas Emiliano A. Valdez Steven Vanduffel 《The Journal of risk and insurance》2012,79(1):1-28
This article develops a unifying framework for allocating the aggregate capital of a financial firm to its business units. The approach relies on an optimization argument, requiring that the weighted sum of measures for the deviations of the business unit's losses from their respective allocated capitals be minimized. The approach is fair insofar as it requires capital to be close to the risk that necessitates holding it. The approach is additionally very flexible in the sense that different forms of the objective function can reflect alternative definitions of corporate risk tolerance. Owing to this flexibility, the general framework reproduces several capital allocation methods that appear in the literature and allows for alternative interpretations and possible extensions. 相似文献
90.
Geert Hofstede 《Accounting, Organizations and Society》1981,6(3):193-211
Traditional approaches to management control usually fail for public and not-for-profit activities.1 The type of control applicable to such activities depends on four criteria: are objectives unambiguous, outputs measurable, effects of interventions known, and is the activity repetitive? Depending on where activities stand with regard to these criteria, the control applicable corresponds to one of six different types: routine, expert, trial-and-error, intuitive, judgemental, or political control. The first three types can be represented by cybernetic models; the other three ask for more complex and less deterministic models. For these, a “political” and a “garbage-can” model are described. Key elements in the latter models are the values and the culture of the actors. As an example, the topology for management control is applied to the area of budgeting, covering regular budgeting as well as such techniques as PPBS, MBO, and ZBB and distinguishing between investment budgets, operations budgets for input centers, and operations budgets for input-output centers. Coming back to management control in general, the paper discusses the consequences of choosing the wrong model for a given management control situation: it distinguishes between “Type I” and “Type II” errors. It finally relates management control to organizational adaptation and suggests how to avoid control systems which prevent an organizational system from learning. 相似文献