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991.
We study the channels parents use to make transfers to their children. First, we focus on the relationship between investments
in education and property transfers. Second, we turn to how property transfers are divided between inter vivos gifts and bequests. We use a Swedish dataset that is superior to previously used data as it contains information on both
gifts and inheritances received from parents. We estimate models for the probabilities of having university education, receiving
gifts, and receiving inheritances. In addition, we estimate models for gift and inheritance amounts. We find that the more
resources parents have, the higher the likelihood of transfers, and that the correlation between receiving inter vivos gifts and inheritances is very high. Finally, women are more likely to have university education and to receive gifts, and
daughters receive gifts of larger amounts than sons, although there are no differences in terms of inheritance. 相似文献
992.
This article evaluates various models’ predictive power for U.S. inflation rate using a simulated out-of-sample forecasting framework. The starting point is the traditional unemployment Phillips curve. We show that a factor Phillips curve model is superior to the traditional Phillips curve, and its performance is comparable to other factor models. We find that a factor AR model is superior to the factor Phillips curve model, and is the best bivariate or factor model at longer horizons. Finally, we investigate a New Keynesian Phillips curve model, and find that its forecasting performance dominates all other models at the longer horizons. 相似文献
993.
Andrew T. Young 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2011,24(1):19-28
Murphy et al. (2009) criticize Young’s (2005) test of Austrian business cycle theory (ABCT) using US industry-level quarterly job reallocation data and the federal funds
rate as a monetary policy indicator. I argue that not only are Murphy et al.’s specific criticisms misguided; more importantly,
they all but completely rule out the type of empirical study that Young (2005) advocates: specifically, one that (1) is quantitative and distinguishes between statistical and economic significance and
(2) attempts to exploit a hypothesis that is both a prediction of ABCT and not a prediction of competing monetary theories of the cycle. I argue that empirical studies embodying (1) and (2) are critical
to ABCT as a research program. Furthermore, I review the existing econometric studies of ABCT from the last 10 years and conclude
that there is much room for improvement along these lines. 相似文献
994.
Robert F. GarnettJr. 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2011,24(1):71-76
Peter Boettke (2007) argues that economists need not act pluralistically in order for pluralism to thrive in the marketplace of economic ideas.
From a market process perspective, Boettke sees intellectual diversity and openness as catallactic outputs, not inputs—emergent
by-products of academic specialization and trade. To expect individual scholars to behave in a pluralistic manner is unnecessary
and “completely inappropriate” since it detracts from their central task: “to commit themselves to an approach and pursue
it doggedly, even in the face of great doubt and resistance by one’s peers” (Boettke 2007). This paper proposes a Smithian revision of Boettke’s position. The author argues that scholarly pluralism is best understood
as a constitutional rule of academic life—a virtue ethic that promotes learning and intellectual freedom by mitigating tyranny
and autarky in the republic of science. Drawing from the writings of Adam Smith, Friedrich Hayek, Deirdre McCloskey, Bruce
Caldwell, James Buchanan, Don Lavoie, and Boettke himself, the author argues that scholarly pluralism has been, and continues
to be, a necessary condition for the flourishing of Austrian economists as free, responsible, efficacious thinkers. 相似文献
995.
The aim of this paper is to critically reexamine Ludwig Mises’ attempt to separate the psychological aspects of understanding
(thymology) from the “science of action” (praxeology). There are, we contend, legitimate distinctions between theory, on the
one hand, and, on the other, psychology or history. But, there is no need to dichotomize them from one another in the way
Mises sometimes did. 相似文献
996.
Sebastian Just 《Journal of Regulatory Economics》2011,39(2):194-220
This paper explores the economic implications of different contract durations in markets for on-line (primary and secondary) reserve capacity in Germany with the crucial feature of separate markets for spot energy and reserve capacity provision. The analysis is based on an equilibrium model developed by Just and Weber (Energy Econo 30:3198–3221, 2008) for reserve markets. It reveals the implicit trade-off for the bidders and implicit interdependencies between the reserve and the spot markets. Even if the markets are not explicitly coordinated, they are interrelated through the dispatch decisions of the power plant owners. The paper concludes that the current German reserve market design is inefficient and should be improved. The results clearly show that shorter periods (with resulting lower variations in overall electricity demand) lead to more efficient dispatch and market results. Not only prices in the reserve capacity markets are expected to be lower, but also spot market prices. As these benefits can be partially reaped by owners of large generation portfolios also under longer contract durations, it discriminates against smaller generation companies and can potentially deter market participation. Further, the paper takes a broader perspective and discusses security concerns against shorter contract durations. It is shown that the opportunity costs character of the reserve market implies sufficient incentives for supplying online reserve capacity. The concerns do not appear to be predominant and it should be possible to manage them appropriately. 相似文献
997.
We use historical industrial emissions data to assess the level of abatement and over-allocation that took place across European
countries during the pilot phase (2005–2007) of the European Union Emission Trading Scheme. Using a dynamic panel data model,
we estimate the counter factual (business-as-usual) emissions scenario for EU member states. Comparing this baseline to allocated
and verified emissions, we find that both over-allocation and abatement occurred, along with under-allocation and emissions
inflation. Over the three trading years of the pilot phase we find over-allocation of approximately 280 million EUAs and total
abatement of 247 Mt CO2. However, we calculate that emissions inflation of approximately 73 Mt CO2 also occurred, possibly due to uncertainty about future policy design features. 相似文献
998.
Robin Naidoo Greg Stuart-Hill L. Chris Weaver Jo Tagg Anna Davis Andee Davidson 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,48(2):321-335
There exist few quantitative assessments of the relationship between biodiversity per se and economic benefits at scales that are relevant for conservation. Similarly, the merits of Community-Based Natural Resource
Management programs for both wildlife and people are contested. Here, we harness two databases, on wildlife surveys and financial
benefits, to address these issues for communal conservancies in northwest Namibia. We use ordination methods to characterize
the diversity and stability of large wildlife assemblages on conservancies, and demonstrate that diversity (but not stability)
is an important explanator of conservancy financial benefits. Our results indicate that for this area of Namibia, biodiversity,
as represented by large wildlife assemblages, has an important, positive effect on the tangible financial benefits that people
derive from conservation programs. 相似文献
999.
In this paper, we give an example in which the price of tradable emission permits increases despite firms’ adoption of less
polluting technology, a result that is in contrast with Montero (J Environ Econ 44:23–44, 2002) and Parry (J Regul Econ 14:229–254,
1998), among others. If two Cournot players switch to a cleaner technology, the price for permits may increase due to an increase
in the net demand for permits and a decrease in the net supply of permits after the clean technology is adopted. This is only
the case when output demand is quite elastic. 相似文献
1000.
The Impact of Land-Use Change on Ecosystem Services,Biodiversity and Returns to Landowners: A Case Study in the State of Minnesota 总被引:12,自引:1,他引:12
Stephen Polasky Erik Nelson Derric Pennington Kris A. Johnson 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,48(2):219-242
Land-use change has a significant impact on the world’s ecosystems. Changes in the extent and composition of forests, grasslands,
wetlands and other ecosystems have large impacts on the provision of ecosystem services, biodiversity conservation and returns
to landowners. While the change in private returns to landowners due to land-use change can often be measured, changes in
the supply and value of ecosystem services and the provision of biodiversity conservation have been harder to quantify. In
this paper we use a spatially explicit integrated modeling tool (InVEST) to quantify the changes in ecosystem services, habitat
for biodiversity, and returns to landowners from land-use change in Minnesota from 1992 to 2001. We evaluate the impact of
actual land-use change and a suite of alternative land-use change scenarios. We find a lack of concordance in the ranking
of baseline and alternative land-use scenarios in terms of generation of private returns to landowners and net social benefits
(private returns plus ecosystem service value). Returns to landowners are highest in a scenario with large-scale agricultural
expansion. This scenario, however, generated the lowest net social benefits across all scenarios considered because of large
losses in stored carbon and negative impacts on water quality. Further, this scenario resulted in the largest decline in habitat
quality for general terrestrial biodiversity and forest songbirds. Our results illustrate the importance of taking ecosystem
services into account in land-use and land-management decision-making and linking such decisions to incentives that accurately
reflect social returns. 相似文献