Testing for cointegration and dynamic specification

Zusammenfassung Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Spezifikation einer Gleichung zur Erklärung des gesamtwirtschaftlichen Stundenlohnsatzes. Zunächst soll ein Satz von Variablen gefunden werden, die als Erklärungsgrößen einer langfristigen Gleichgewichtsrelation angesehen werden können. Zur Klärung dieser Frage werden Kointegrationstests verwendet. Es zeigt sich, daß Realstundenlohnsatz, Produktivität, geleistete Arbeitsstunden und Arbeitslosenrate eine solche Beziehung bilden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden durch dynamische Spezifikation die kurzfristigen Anpassungsvorgänge an dieses langfristige Gleichgewicht modelliert.     

Ownership structure,corporate governance,and enterprise performance: Empirical results for ukraine

This paper examines the effect of ownership structure on corporate governance and performance of privatized enterprises in transition. The data are taken from a survey conducted in 2001 on 202 medium and large firms in Ukraine for the period 1998–2000. The ownership structure is measured by the percentage of shares held by each type of owner (state, managers, workers, Ukrainian concentrated outsiders, foreign concentrated owners, and stake-holding shareholders). Performance is measured by sales per employee. Regression analysis is used to test the hypothesis that concentrated outside ownership influences performance positively and to detect non-linear effects of ownership variables on performance. In contrast, with important previous studies on enterprise restructuring in Ukraine [Estrin and Rosevear, 1999], significant ownership effects on performance are found. Insider ownership (being a special case of stakeholding ownership) is found to have a significant non-linear effect on performance—positive within a lower range but negative from a threshold close to majority ownership onwards. In general, Ukrainian outside owners do not have a significant effect on performance. However, stakeholding ownership by customers affect sale prices and performance negatively. The most robust results are obtained for the effects of concentrated foreign ownership, both for levels of the respective variables in each year and for changes from one year to the other. The impact of foreign ownership on performance is significantly non-linear: its effect is positive only up to a level that falls short of majority ownership. It is concluded that this non-linearity is due to an institutional environment still adverse to foreign direct investment.Support from Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation is gratefully acknowledged.     

Dynamic cost indexing – Managing airline delay costs

This paper develops a decision-support tool for managing flight delay costs in the pre-departure and airborne phases of a flight. The dynamic cost indexing tool trades accelerated fuel burn against ‘cost of time’ and environmental impact. Many airlines have significant barriers to quantify the various components of ‘cost of time’. There are no industry standards for defining and interfacing the necessary tools. Dynamic estimation of passenger delay costs, delay recovery decision windows and air traffic control cooperation are key constraints. Short-term opportunities for saving fuel and/or reducing environmental impacts are identified.     

Penalized Regression with Ordinal Predictors

Ordered categorial predictors are a common case in regression modelling. In contrast to the case of ordinal response variables, ordinal predictors have been largely neglected in the literature. In this paper, existing methods are reviewed and the use of penalized regression techniques is proposed. Based on dummy coding two types of penalization are explicitly developed; the first imposes a difference penalty, the second is a ridge type refitting procedure. Also a Bayesian motivation is provided. The concept is generalized to the case of non-normal outcomes within the framework of generalized linear models by applying penalized likelihood estimation. Simulation studies and real world data serve for illustration and to compare the approaches to methods often seen in practice, namely simple linear regression on the group labels and pure dummy coding. Especially the proposed difference penalty turns out to be highly competitive.     

Changing capital values and the propensity to innovate

Basic innovations tend to cluster in periods of discontinuity, when changes in the marginal efficiency of capital (amongst other things) lead to disappointing depreciation in the operative value of installed capital goods in stagnating industries, thus inducing investors to seek alternatives, and so making the economic system ready for new technologies. The conditions encouraging innovation are formulated in a contingency theory of changes in capital values, changes which occur as the economic influence bestowed by owning production facilities moves from one sector to another. This non-equilibrium theory allows short- and long-term forces of balance and dominance in economic exchange to be considered together.     

A descriptive analysis on the implementation of Balanced Scorecards in German-speaking countries

This paper provides systematic research-based evidence on the usage of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) concept in German-speaking countries. We develop three primary types of BSC usage reflecting the successive phases in the evolution of the BSC concept and of its implementation in practice. This typology ranges from the BSC’s origin as a multidimensional framework for strategic performance measurement that combines financial and non-financial measures to its advanced usage as an integrated strategic management system that describes strategy by a cause-and-effect logic and that is linked to the reward system. We use this theoretical framework to analyze the spread, implementation and benefits of the different types of Balanced Scorecards. Moreover, the impact of size and industry on BSC usage is analyzed. Our sample consists of a clearly defined segment of the most important publicly traded firms in Germany, Austria and Switzerland and we achieved an overall response rate of 87%.     

The impact of family control on the use of performance measures in strategic target setting and incentive compensation: A research note

This paper deals with the impact of a firm's governance structure on its management control system (MCS). We argue that the involvement of founding family members in the top management team (TMT) as a corporate governance characteristic has an impact on how the TMT exercises control over subordinates. Based on a sample of 304 mainly small and medium-sized firms, our paper provides empirical evidence that founding family involvement in the TMT is associated with the latter making less use of performance measures in its strategic target setting and incentive practices, and that this impact of family involvement is moderated by firm size.     

Imperfect competition and capital accumulation: the role of price normalization

We consider a capital-accumulation model with infinitely lived households and two production sectors. The intermediate-good sector is characterized by perfect competition, a constant-returns-to-scale technology, and production externalities. The final-good sector is a monopoly operating under constant returns to scale. We analyze the general equilibrium in the sense of Gabszewicz and Vial [Journal of Economic Theory (1972) 4: 381–400] for this economy and different price-normalization rules. It is shown that the qualitative behavior of the equilibrium paths depends crucially on the chosen normalization rule. In particular, whether equilibria are monotonic or oscillating and whether indeterminacy occurs or not may depend on the choice of the numeraire.