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61.
Gerhard Tintner 《Journal of Economics》1954,14(2-4):358-365
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
62.
Gerhard Rosegger 《Technovation》1982,1(4):291-304
This paper examines the relationship between the diffusion of a major process innovation, oxygen steel-making, and the growth of plant sizes. As in some previous studies, a step-wise pattern of scale increases is observed; however, there is no stable correlation of these increases to cumulative capacity expansion, maximum plant sizes appear to have stabilized, and plants of widely dispersed capacities continued to be built as oxygen steel-making became the dominant technique, world-wide. Factors responsible for scale increase are analyzed; steadily growing equipment size, the addition of equipment to existing plants, and a wide range of minor innovations and adaptations have contributed to growth in plant capacities; in most instances, scale-up continued after the beginning of operations. It is concluded that the frequently-used concept of an optimal, or maximum feasible, plant scale remains ambiguous without reference to the specific technical and economic conditions of production systems, and that plant-size increases are fully dependent on continuing technological effort. 相似文献
63.
Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 3 Textabbildungen 相似文献
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66.
Several papers have documented that when subjects play with standard laboratory “endowments” they make less self-interested
choices than when they use money they have either earned through a laboratory task or brought from outside the lab. In the
context of a charitable giving experiment we decompose this into two common artifacts of the laboratory: the intangibility
of money (or experimental currency units) promised on a computer screen relative to cash in hand, and the distinct treatment
of random “windfall” gains relative to earned money. While both effects are found to be significant in non-parametric tests,
the former effect, which has been neglected in previous studies, has a stronger impact on total donations, while the latter
effect has a greater impact on the probability of donating. These results have clear implications for experimental design,
and also suggest that the availability of more abstract payment methods may increase other-regarding behavior in the field. 相似文献
67.
“Want to” Versus “Have to”: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivators as Predictors of Compliance Behavior Intention 下载免费PDF全文
“Worthless,” “money burning,” or “black holes” is how media and professionals describe compliance practices today. Practitioners are unenthusiastic about control systems, codes of conducts, and systems for compliance management that are increasing in volume but not in effectiveness. In order to help practitioners clarify what actually makes employees comply with their compliance program, this study examines intrinsic and extrinsic motivators of 119 employees from procurement and sales. We contribute to the existing motivation literature, testing the self‐determination theory in low and high hierarchical levels. Our findings show that intrinsic motivators are more strongly and positively related to compliance intention on higher hierarchical levels than the lower ones. However, employees from higher hierarchies show overall less compliance intention than employees from lower hierarchies. © 2015 The Authors. Human Resource Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
68.
Tobias Bach Sandra van Thiel Gerhard Hammerschmid Reto Steiner 《Public Management Review》2017,19(6):765-784
This article investigates perceived accountability patterns of national agencies’ chief executives in four countries with a Rechtsstaat tradition and tests theoretical expectations about potential tensions between managerial reforms and administrative values using survey data (N = 453). All countries combine old and new forms of accountability requirements, while legal and financial accountability have not been replaced with results accountability. Switzerland and the Netherlands score highest on results accountability, though in combination with legal and financial accountability, which are dominant in Germany and Austria. Nation-specific characteristics seem more important for core values of public administration than generic characteristics of the Rechtsstaat model. 相似文献
69.
We investigate the effect of a reduction of anonymity on consumers' purchase decisions (whether to buy, and if so how much to pay) at an online music store with Pay‐What‐You‐Want (PWYW)‐like pricing and in an Internet experiment mimicking the real world situation. Revealing the customer's name, e‐mail, and payment to the artist (seller) led to insignificantly higher payments, although it drastically reduced the number of customers purchasing. Overall, the regime led to a revenue loss of 25%. In the online experiment, revenue drops by 35%. These results suggest that the positive effect of reduced anonymity, previously established for donation or public goods contexts, does not extend to a consumption environment. Instead, the substantial opt‐out of customers is likely to be motivated by concerns about privacy. 相似文献
70.
Kurt Hornik Rainer Jankowitsch Manuel Lingo Stefan Pichler Gerhard Winkler 《Financial Markets and Portfolio Management》2010,24(3):271-287
In this study, we empirically analyze the determinants of heterogeneity in rating assessments across different segments of
the European loan market. We conduct a benchmarking analysis using rating information on European corporate obligors from
nine major Austrian banks that have a large share of foreign lending, particularly in the Central and Eastern European region.
We provide evidence that, generally, overall heterogeneity among rating outcomes for foreign markets is higher than for domestic
markets. Furthermore, we show that heterogeneity increases in transition economies and those markets where Austrian bank involvement
is relatively low. Our evidence supports the hypothesis that heterogeneity in the assessment of credit risk is determined
not only by the objective quality of information, which is deemed to be lower in transition economies, but also by the subjective
access to information about obligors measured by the level of domestic bank involvement in the respective foreign market.
Furthermore, we quantify potential effects on regulatory capital requirements. 相似文献