Obsoleszenz — ein Synonym für die Konsumgüterproduktion in entfalteten Marktwirtschaften

Zusammenfassung Wie im Titel angedeutet, gehen die Verfasser davon aus, daß sich hinter dem Obsoleszenz-Phänomen keine besondere Absatzstrategie der Unternehmen und daher kein eigenständiges Erkenntnisobjekt verbirgt. Die von bürgerlichen und marxistischen Kritikern vielfach geäßerte Ansicht, mit zunehmender Vermachtung/Monopolisierung der Märkte seien die Waren schlechter geworden, wird nicht geteilt. Nach wie vor werden bei uns sehr viele «gute» sowie «schlechte» Konsumgüter hergestellt, je nach dem wie die Produktivkräfte sowie die Konkurrenz um die zahlungskräftige Nachfrage es erlauben. Was die bekannten gesamtgesellschaftlichen Probleme (Umweltbelastung, Rohstoffknappheit etc.) verursacht und die Wissenschaften auf dem Plan gerufen hat, ist nicht die abnehmende Qualität der Waren, sondern die erweiterte Reproduktion kapitalistischen Wirtschaftens schlechthin. Die «ungeheure Warenansammlung» kann wissenschaftlich nicht zerlegt werden in eine unanfechtbare Normalität (=technischer Fortschritt) und moralisch abzulehnende Auswüchse (=Obsoleszenz); ebensowenig signalisieren Obsoleszenzstrategien die allgemeine Dekadenz des Monopolkapitals. Der Reichtum an Konsumgütern ist vielmehr zu begreifen als dialektisches Resultat einer Erwerbsgesellschaft, die-beispielhaft konkretisiert-überdimensionierte Fernsehgeräte zum Kauf anbietet, nachdem sie zuvor technisch ausgereifte Geräte entwickelt hat.

---

As indicated by the title the authors are convinced that obsolescence is no special marketing strategy. Therefore the phenomenon should not be regarded as a subject worthy of study by itself. The authors reject the hypothesis that product quality is eroded by increasing monopolization, a position taken by bourgeois as well as marxian critics. In market economies there will always be production of good and bad consumer goods depending on productive capacity and sellers' competition for effective demand. The well-known social problems (pollution, shortage of raw materials, etc.) are not caused by decreasing product quality but are due to the need for reproduction of capital on a larger scale.The enormous production of goods cannot be separated by scientific methods into (a) an economic normality (technical progress) and (b) a perverse exaggeration not acceptable on moral grounds (obsolescence). Neither do the strategies of obsolescence indicate the decadence of monopolistic capitalism. Instead the abundance of consumer goods should be interpreted as a dialectic result of a society's profit maximization. To give an example: After well-equipped television sets with a high technical standard had been developed, the system starts supplying units of a hypertrophic size and capacity.

     

Abschaffung der Abgeltungsteuer — gerechter und steuersystematisch einheitlicher?

There is a rising political discussion in Germany around abolishing the final withholding tax on capital income. The German tax reforms that introduced this tax lowered tax rates, in particular on interest income. According to some authors, the growing inequality of income and property is a strong argument for the higher taxation of capital income. However, other authors argue that the neutrality aspects concerning private investment are inadequate. An abolishment of the final withholding tax would not solve these problems and, moreover, would turn back the achieved improvements. Therefore, the German Council of Economic Experts suggests complementing the previous reforms by introducing an allowance for corporate equity.     

Proportional Odds Models with High‐Dimensional Data Structure

The proportional odds model is the most widely used model when the response has ordered categories. In the case of high‐dimensional predictor structure, the common maximum likelihood approach typically fails when all predictors are included. A boosting technique pomBoost is proposed to fit the model by implicitly selecting the influential predictors. The approach distinguishes between metric and categorical predictors. In the case of categorical predictors, where each predictor relates to a set of parameters, the objective is to select simultaneously all the associated parameters. In addition, the approach distinguishes between nominal and ordinal predictors. In the case of ordinal predictors, the proposed technique uses the ordering of the ordinal predictors by penalizing the difference between the parameters of adjacent categories. The technique has also a provision to consider some mandatory predictors (if any) that must be part of the final sparse model. The performance of the proposed boosting algorithm is evaluated in a simulation study and applications with respect to mean squared error and prediction error. Hit rates and false alarm rates are used to judge the performance of pomBoost for selection of the relevant predictors.     

Die Liberalisierung des Wohlfahrtsstaates und ihre Herausforderungen für das Pflegemanagement der Zukunft

Heilberufe - Die Liberalisierung des Wohlfahrtsstaates, ausgelöst durch den zunehmend globali sierten Wettbewerb, wird in der Zukunft auch wesentliche Auswirkungen auf die Anforderungen an die...     

Environmental (De-) Regulation, Competition, and Policy Rules

This article analyzes some problems regarding our knowledge of environmental policy. Sustainable development as the prospective enlargement of the political agenda has been identified as a long-term challenge for economic policy which could get trapped in a new form of interventionism. The evolutionary market approach that is presented here focuses on development risks of environmental policy that are mostly neglected in standard theory. A transfer of the Hayekian concept of negative rules to the realm of environmental policy is critically discussed. A straight-forward transfer of Hayek's theory stressing the importance of negative rules cannot be recommended, since even the negative rules carry some development risks in the realm of environmental policy. Some preliminary political consequences are drawn which are appropriate to limit the extension of environmental targets in the future.     

Addictive buying in West Germany: An empirical study

Subsequent to a previous article in JCP (Scherhorn, 1990) outlining a theoretical approach to addictive buying, the authors report on the results of their empirical study of addictive buyers in West Germany. The study indicates that addictive buying is clearly one kind of addiction which may be substituted by other addictions, may take the place of another addiction, or even alternate with other forms of addiction. At the same time, there is substantial evidence that there are special key experiences to which the propensity to addictive buying can be traced. Addictive buyers have been subjected to a specific form of distortion of autonomy: They have felt that for parents, relatives, or neighbours, material goods (money, property, consumer goods) seemed to be more relevant and more important than they themselves. Thus, they have acquired a strong predisposition for using consumer goods as a favourite means of compensating for the lack of self-esteem from which they suffer. This predisposition, however, is reinforced by the fact that consumption and buying increasingly take on the role of a socially favoured means of compensation.