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961.
    
As a form of performance monitoring, electronic performance monitoring (EPM) offers the opportunity for unobtrusive and continuous performance data gathering. These strengths can also make EPM stressful and threatening. Many features of performance evaluation systems, including the organizational purposes for which they are used, can affect employee attitudes. We explored the relationships among the perceived purpose of EPM and an array of job attitudes, including fairness, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and felt obligation to reciprocate. Results indicate that when monitoring is viewed as developmental, it is judged as fairer than when it is perceived as a deterrent to future behavior and is also associated with higher levels of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and felt obligation. These findings suggest that employees will respond more positively to EPM when managers and human resource development professionals carefully frame the reasons for monitoring and feedback in constructive, developmental terms.  相似文献   
962.
963.
    
This study examines the associations between the characteristics of initial public offering (IPO) firms and the voluntary use of outside directors. Five firm characteristics are examined: inside share ownership, variance of aftermarket returns, operating history, leverage, and firm size. Based on a sample of 110 New Zealand firms which made initial public offerings of equity securities over the period 1983 to 1987, the study finds that greater variance of after-market returns and a lower inside share ownership are associated with a greater proportion of outside directors. In addition, firms without operating histories are likely to use relatively more outside directors. However, leverage and firm size are not significantly related to the proportion of outside directors. Overall, the findings from the study are generally consistent with arguments that firms with greater agency problems are likely to use relatively more outside directors because these directors are perceived to be more effective in mitigating agency problems.  相似文献   
964.
    
This study brings together findings from different research angles on informal feedback in the workplace. We explore the individual and joint influences of three contextual antecedents of seeking feedback: support for learning, psychological safety, and work pressure. Based on our survey of 138 employees from various organizations, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that support in the work environment positively influenced the quality of the self‐initiated feedback from colleagues and (in particular( from the supervisor. Psychological safety positively related to the quality of the self‐initiated feedback from colleagues. No relation was found between support, psychological safety and the frequency of feedback seeking, however, an indication for the existence of a curvilinear effect of work pressure on the frequency of feedback seeking was found. The study highlights the importance of fostering supportive and psychological safe work environments, so that employees and supervisors will look for and give constructive feedback. Learning in organizations can be stimulated by creating enough time and opportunities for informal feedback, and the results suggest several valuable and promising avenues for future research.  相似文献   
965.
    
Summary This address deals with factors contributing to the inequality of income, with particular reference to the Netherlands and to the U.S.A. Sections 2 and 3 survey the shape of the income distribution curve, and the (possible) impact of the length of the reference period and of capital income on income variance. Section 4 shows the modest contribution of intergroup (compared with intra-group) differences in (mean) income, after classification of income recipients by occupation, age and sex. Special attention is paid to estimation of schooling and intelligence effects in multivariate analysis. All systematic factors taken together appear to account for less than 1/3 of the total income variance, so that a major part of it is still unexplained; mainly entrepreneurial income seems to be responsible for it. Finally, possible changes in income distribution - autonomous or resulting from policy measures -are discussed summarily.  相似文献   
966.
In questo lavoro, la nozione di quasi-ammissibilità, come ampliamento della nozione di ammissibilità, viene formalizzata esplicitando una topologia sullo spazio funzionale in cui sono immerse le funzioni di perdita corrispondenti alla classe di decisioni del problema. Per questa via è possibile analizzare il concetto di quasi-ammissibilità senza restrizioni sullo spazio degli stati di natura. Si verifica poi, che le nozioni già note di ε-ammissibilità costituiscono casi particolari del-l’impostazione più generale qui proposta.
It is known that in Decision Theory under Uncertainty the notion of admissibility and almost-admissibility plays an important role since it does not depend properly on the chosen optimality criterion. The main goal of the known notions of ε-admissibility is to conveniently enlarge the class of the admissible decision rules, which for some problems can be empty. Once observed that the notion of ε-equivalence between two decision rules is based on the fact that the decision are “close” each other, it is then natural to study the notion of ε-equivalence in a topological context. Here the functional space of the loss functions associated to the class of the decision rules is equipped with the product topology which the functional space is naturally endoved of. It this framework it is possible to study the notion of almost-admissibility independently of the characteristics of the states space. The known definitions of ε-admissibility are then reduced to particular cases of this more general approach.


Lavoro eseguito nell’ambito del Gruppo Nazionale per l’Analisi Funzionale e le sue Applicazioni del C.N.R.  相似文献   
967.
    
Firms in turbulent or fast-changing environments must continually innovate to remain competitive. This study examined how a firm's strategic management practices influence its entrepreneurial behaviour as compared to an international competitor. Four firms in the Netherlands were each matched with a key competitor in the USA. Several survey measures related to the strategic management process were used along with an instrument related to corporate entrepreneurship practices. Both managers and employees participated in the study. Results revealed significant differences between the Netherlands firms and the US competitors in entrepreneurial orientation. Results also supported these comparative differences along three key dimensions of strategic management as they relate to corporate entrepreneurship. The final set of data revealed a relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and three measures of firm performance. The implications focus upon the key role that culture may play in facilitating corporate entrepreneurship and adaptable organizational practices. Suggestions for further research are also made.  相似文献   
968.
    
A bstract . Private transfers of income between family members have had significant equalizing effects on the distribution of income in the United States but only recently have they become a subject of research and an element of analysis. Some of the major theoretical developments in the area of income distribution and intergenerational mobility in the rich literature of the grants economy are reviewed. Among the effects of family transfers on income distribution, the most critical considerations in intra-family transfers, tentative results indicate, are those that relate, directly or indirectly, to investments in children during their formative years. Estimates of the size of family transfers include one that in a single year their total was of the magnitude of 30.7 percent of gross national product and another that in 1980 they were 70 percent of total transfers, amounting at least to 1 trillion. Trends in their level and structure are projected.  相似文献   
969.
Consider one-parameter families of continuous distributions whose range depend on an unknown parameter. In case a single sufficient and complete statistic exists, we obtain the limiting distributions of MLE and UMVUE. Both distributions are different transformations of a standard exponential variable.  相似文献   
970.
This study aims at relating the role of environmental orientation to corporate sustainable development within a cross-national buyer–supplier dyad. To this end, it specifically proposes and empirically tests a model delineating how the international buyer's environmental orientation would influence its green supplier development (GSD) activities, then its outsourcing supplier's green product strategies (GPS), and finally total relationship value (TRV) of the entire buyer–supplier dyad. It also examines how supplier overall information technology advancement (SOITA) would further moderate the aforementioned influences. Survey results derived from 202 buyer–supplier dyads have provided empirical support for all the hypothesized relationships of the proposed model. To summarize, the findings show that international buyers' internal and external environmental orientations both serve as a major driver for their GSD, which, in turn, significantly advances outsourcing suppliers' practice of GPS and consequently enhances TRV. Moreover, this study has demonstrated that SOITA exerts a significant and positive moderating effect on the GSD–GPS link. Overall, this study provides important insights into understanding the complex and contingent processes underlying the influence of the international buyer's environmental orientation on the joint performance of the dyad.  相似文献   
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