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991.
We present an alternative measurement method of investor overconfidence, using unique survey data on stock market predictions of investors. We apply the Parkinson estimate based on extreme bounds around the stock forecast to deduce investor confidence. The results support overconfidence. 相似文献
992.
Expert opinion versus actual transaction evidence in the valuation of non-market amenities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Actual property values are overwhelmingly employed as a dependent variable in hedonic pricing models. Yet, assessed property values are generally more readily available than actual sales values and have, in some studies, been used in lieu of market prices. In this study, we compare estimates of different non-market amenity values based on actual transactions and assessed values. We estimate a Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model with two hedonic price equations, one with actual market values as the dependent variable and the other with assessed property values, and compare the resulting estimates of shadow prices for open space amenities. We also take into account spatial autocorrelation and combine Method of Moment estimates of the spatial parameters in both equations to create our test statistic. The results indicate that we cannot accept the hypothesis that the impacts of open space on property values are the same for actual sales and assessed values. Moreover, we do observe some differences between the distributions of assessed versus sales values, although the difference between the sizes of open space effects measured within the two equations is rather limited. Thus, while this one study is insufficient to enable one to draw definitive conclusions, there remains the possibility that policy makers cannot reliably base decisions on amenity values obtained from a hedonic model using assessed values. 相似文献
993.
Maarten J. Punt Hans-Peter Weikard Ekko C. van Ierland Jan H. Stel 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2012,53(2):203-228
In this paper we investigate effects of overlap in species between ecosystems along a linear gradient on the location of marine protected areas (MPAs) under full cooperation, strategic behavior and conservation autarky. Compared to the full cooperation outcome, both strategic behavior and conservation autarky lead to under-investment in biodiversity protection. Under strategic behavior, however, we observe the additional problem of ??location leakage?? i.e. countries invest less in species protected by others. Conservation autarky eliminates location leakage; in ecosystems with partly overlapping species compositions at country borders it even induces MPAs that are too large from a global perspective. We also find that, in our setting of a linear gradient without migrating species, countries focus their conservation efforts on species unique to their own country and that these species are relatively well protected compared to common species. 相似文献
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996.
Judith M. van der Voort Katherina Glac Lucas C.P.M. Meijs 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,90(3):311-329
In academic research, many attempts have been undertaken to legitimize corporate community involvement by showing a business
case for it. However, much less attention has been devoted to building understanding about the actual dynamics and challenges
of managing CCI in the business context. As an alternative to existing predominantly static and top-down approaches, this
paper introduces a social movement framework for analyzing CCI management. Based on the analysis of qualitative case study
data, we argue that the active role of employees pressuring for CCI policies and practices, as well as the organization audience
responses to their efforts, are at the core of the challenges involved in managing CCI. These challenges also pose limits
to how far CCI can be extended to a “business as usual” activity. 相似文献
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998.
Allowing for games with a continuous action space, we investigate how evolutionary stability, the existence of a uniform invasion
barrier, local superiority and asymptotic stability relate to each other. This is done without restricting the populations
of which we want to investigate the stability to monomorphic population states or to strategies with finite support.
The authors have benefitted from careful and precise comments by Gerard van der Laan, Jan van Mill, the editor and an anonymous
referee. Matthijs van Veelen gratefully acknowledges financial support by the Netherlands’ Organization for Scientific Research
(NWO). 相似文献
999.
This paper applies cointegration techniques to a model of induced innovation based on the two-stage constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function. This approach results in direct tests of the inducement hypothesis, which are applied to data for South African commercial agriculture for the period 1947–1991. South African data is used because the policy changes have been substantial enough that the factor and price ratios have turning-points, rather than being monotonie. The time series properties of the variables are checked, cointegration is established, and an error correction model (ECM) constructed, allowing factor substitution to be separated from technological change. Finally, the ECM formulation is subjected to causality tests, which show that both the factor price ratios and R&D and extension expenditures are Granger-prior to the factor-saving biases of technological change. Thus, each stage of the analysis corroborates the inducement hypothesis. However, straightforward price-inducement is only part of the explanation of changes in factor ratios. Policy-induced innovation, in response to tax concessions and subsidised credit, is also present. 相似文献
1000.