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21.
Partner diversity is a key influencer in interorganizational alliances, and several empirical studies have shown that its outcomes are contingent on alliance‐specific factors. We extend this research as well as the growing literature on green alliances, in which partner diversity is uniquely high. Specifically, we examine partner‐diversity effects on alliance termination in the early stage of green alliance formation. We hypothesize that in this context, size disparity increases termination likelihood, whereas organizational variety and cultural separation have the opposite effect. To test our hypotheses, we use a sample of 366 alliance projects located in Latin America and submitted to the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism for evaluation, validation, and registration from 2004 to 2014. Our findings contribute to several research streams and provide practical guidance for successful formation of alliances focused on environmental protection. 相似文献
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We use a factor model and elastic net shrinkage to model a high-dimensional network of European credit default swap (CDS) spreads. Our empirical approach allows us to assess the joint transmission of bank and sovereign risk to the nonfinancial corporate sector. Our findings identify a sectoral clustering in the CDS network, where financial institutions are in the center and nonfinancial entities as well as sovereigns are grouped around the financial center. The network has a geographical component reflected in different patterns of real-sector risk transmission across countries. Our framework also provides dynamic estimates of risk transmission, a useful tool for systemic risk monitoring. 相似文献
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How did the Invisible Hand Handle Industrial Waste? By-product Development before the Modern Environmental Era 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A growing number of historians have turned their attention tothe past behavior of industrialists toward their waste. Manyhave argued that the price system and competition typicallyfostered a short-term outlook that rewarded pollution ratherthan encouraging "loop-closing," a modern term that refers tothe linkages between different industries in which the residualof one becomes the input of another. Others have identifiedprecedents in this respect that are credited to ProgressiveEra reformers. Building on evidence that has, by and large,escaped the attention of the present generation of historicalwriters, this essay challenges both views by arguing that marketinstitutions, which included both profit motive and propertyrights, actually resulted in the usage of industrial by-products.Although past industrial activities did create significant pollutionproblems, perhaps our ancestors should be given more creditthan they generally are for the creativity and resourcefulnessthey displayed in profitably solving numerous environmentalproblems. 相似文献
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Pierre van der Eng 《Business History》2017,59(5):645-666
The Australian subsidiary of Dutch multi-national enterprise Philips came under secret service surveillance and faced risk of government takeover as enemy property during World War II. It was also excluded from Australian government contracts for war-related communications equipment at a time when it was forced to reduce civilian production. These threats to its assets and operations required the firm to develop an adaptive corporate strategy in order to respond to the political imperatives it faced; not just minimising political risk, but also taking advantage of the opportunities that war-related production offered during the war years and after. 相似文献
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Regulation of relationships between heterogeneous farmers and an aquifer accounting for lag effects
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Cyril Bourgeois Pierre‐Alain Jayet 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》2016,60(1):39-59
Many environmental problems are due to damage caused by pollutants that accumulate with a time lag following their emission. In this study, we focus on nitrates used in agriculture, which can pollute groundwater many years after their initial application. A dynamic optimal control problem with heterogeneous farmers is proposed. The usual structural parameters such as the discount rate, the natural clearing rate and the lagged time interval between the occurrence of soil‐level pollution and the impact on groundwater are taken into account. We also examine pollution as caused by a continuous set of farms characterised by their individual performance index and by their individual marginal contribution to the pollution. The issue is further investigated by taking account of change in the information context, successively related to perfect information and to asymmetric information. As a result, when the delay between the spreading of N‐fertilizer and the impact on the aquifer increases, that is, the longer the lag, the steady‐state pollution stock and the steady‐state shadow price of the stock both increase. Moreover, we show that the optimal regulation may require a decreasing amount of fertilizer over time, even in the case of initial underpollution. 相似文献
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Current discussions of climate change are overly focused on the science underpinning environmental impact, with little attention to socioeconomic consequences. The economics of environmental change in particular is insufficiently informed by the lessons that past experiences can yield. Drawing on case studies from Europe and Asia, this special issue underlines the importance of historical context, as well as markets, institutions, technology, and the role of international trade in understanding how economic systems have responded to environmental changes. Past economies have responded dynamically to environmental change rather than simply constrained deterministically by the climatic and ecological events that have engulfed them. 相似文献