When we are onstage,we smile: The effects of emotional labor on employee work outcomes

A growing body of literature has confirmed the deleterious effects of emotional labor on service employees. The study adds to it by investigating two hypothesized antecedents to emotional labor; affectivity and empathy which is conceptualized as a two-dimensional construct composed of emotional contagion and empathic concern. It also examines the impact of emotional labor on job satisfaction and exhaustion. The results confirmed a two-dimensional structure of emotional labor, emotive dissonance, and emotive effort. Hospitality employees with higher positive affect tend to experience less emotive dissonance while individuals with higher negative affect exert more effort to enact emotional labor. A positive relationship was found between emotional contagion and emotive dissonance, and emotive effort and job satisfaction. The results also suggested a negative relationship between emotive effort and emotional exhaustion. An unexpected negative relationship was found between emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion. Managerial implications discuss training and acting techniques to more effectively manage employee emotional labor.     

基于内部人控制的股权融资偏好博弈分析

我国上市公司融资时,表现出强烈的股权融资偏好,国内很多学者从多个角度分析了这一现象存在的原因.本文从内部人控制这一视角,将经理层作为内部人的代表,建立博弈模型分析内部人控制如何导致上市公司偏好股权融资,并提出相应的对策建议.     

低碳经济与人类可持续发展

低碳经济是一种正在全球兴起的以采用低碳能源和去碳技术减少温室气体排放、应对全球气候变暖为目标的新经济,是人类实现可持续发展的新途径。世界上所有国家和地区都要为此进行努力,但发达国家负有巨大的历史债务,应当承担更多、更大的责任。中国作为一个发展中国家,按照"共同但有区别的责任"原则,正在积极展开自主行动,为人类可持续发展作出更大的贡献。     

城镇化会增加居民能源需求吗——基于事实与文献的述评*

城市消耗了中国70%的能源总量,新型城镇化发展要求实现“高城镇化、低能源消耗”。未来的城镇化是否会推高居民能源需求？以往观点往往得出肯定的结论。本文基于典型事实和逻辑推理对此提出质疑,分别对基于“自上而下”和 “自下而上”视角的两类文献进行了综述和比较,并构建了一个融合两种研究视角的传导机制分析框架。在系统总结现有文献的基础上,本文提出未来三个可创新的方向：首先是融合不同学科与视角,将微观居民的用能行为置于城镇化这一动态变迁中进行研究;其次是突破数据和研究方法局限,运用微观数据和实验性方法来科学识别相关性和因果性,并进行政策影响评估;最后是结合国际化视野和规范分析方法来研究中国城镇化中的能源、环境等本土问题,并凝练形成城镇低碳化发展的“中国模式”与“中国经验”。     

Firm turnover,restructuring and labour productivity in transition: the case of Poland

Many studies have found strong and positive relationship between per capita income and health care expenditure. These studies usually adopt the assumptions that (1) the relationships among the variables are constant; and/or (2) the supply-side market for health care could be treated by using standard demand functions models. To take into account of the supply side of health care, we use the demand and supply approach with the cointegration model to re-examine this issue. By using Taiwan health care expenditure data, our results show that the real income elasticity is smaller than unity and the health care expenditures are primarily for ‘curing’ rather than ‘caring’.     

Does intellectual monopoly stimulate or stifle innovation?

This study develops an R&D-based growth model with vertical and horizontal innovation to shed some light on the current debate on whether patent protection stimulates or stifles innovation. We analyze the effects of patent protection in the form of blocking patents. We show that patent protection changes the direction of innovation by having asymmetric effects on vertical innovation (i.e., quality improvement) and horizontal innovation (i.e., variety expansion). Calibrating the model and simulating transition dynamics, we find that strengthening the effect of blocking patents stifles vertical innovation and decreases economic growth but increases social welfare due to an increase in horizontal innovation. In light of this finding, we argue that in order to properly analyze the growth and welfare implications of patents, it is important to consider their often neglected compositional effects on vertical and horizontal innovation.     

制造传统——关于傣族泼水节及其相关新年话语的研究

有关泼水节即傣历新年的说法在当代学术界已成定论。然而,为什么这一节日庆典的日期不在傣历的一月一日？对此,既有研究并未给出令人满意的解释。在对相关文献进行梳理和作者本人田野研究所得发现的基础上,本文提出了自己的看法,认为泼水节并非傣历新年,而是佛教新年和傣族远古泼水习俗两个来源的结合体。继而,作者指出,被视为傣历新年的泼水节实际上是一种被制造出来的传统。     

社会事业家理论评析

1980年代末以来,关注民间组织卓越领导人的社会事业家理论开始建构.领袖-特质理论认为社会事业家是以其对社会使命的不懈追求和强烈的伦理整合性来促成社会价值的最大化.建构主义理论认为社会事业家嵌入特定的组织结构和规则当中,并致力于创造新的制度或改造既有制度.社会事业家有四种理想形态:传统的创业型社会事业家、传统的拓展型社会事业家、自给创业型社会事业家和自给拓展型社会事业家.我国应从理念到制度层面培育社会事业家.     

GENDER EARNINGS DIFFERENTIALS AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN URBAN CHINA, 1988–97

Gender earnings differentials in urban China by region and their changes during the first decade of economic reform are examined. It is found that the female–male earnings ratio increased during the early stage of reform. The male earnings premium, overall, showed an increasing trend in the later stage of reform. Decomposition of the gender earnings differential reveals that a relatively lower percentage of the differential could be explained by gender differences in productive characteristics in the fast growing regions and in regions with a rapid pace of reform. The cross-sectional results highlight the possible existence of gender discrimination, particularly in the later stages of economic reform and development. Both market competition and the effects of wage decentralization play a role in shaping the gender earnings differentials. Gender earnings differentials varied by region and over time, generally in tandem with the pace of economic reform and development. The decomposition of the over time changes in the earnings gap indicated that improvement in the productive characteristics of females during the reform period constantly enhanced the earnings of females relative to those of males. The changes over time in the return to female characteristics, however, work to counter any narrowing of the gender earnings gap.     

DETERMINANTS OF A FIRM'S ISO 14001 CERTIFICATION: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF TAIWAN

Abstract.   Only rarely have empirical studies analysed the responses of Taiwanese manufacturing firms to ISO 14001, despite firm responses to environmental issues being an important aspect of environmental management. This study empirically examines the determinants of firms' environmental self-governance. Export oriented Taiwanese firms, which face environmental concerns from foreign consumers, are found to be more likely than domestic focused firms to adopt ISO 14001. This study also finds that several firm attributes are decisive for firm adoption of ISO 14001. However, this study does not find any significant impact of local governors' political party affiliation on firms' ISO 14001 certifications.