Approaches towards a generic methodology for storage of hazardous energy carriers and waste products

Energy carriers – either conventional or ‘new’ ones – have to be provided in large amounts to meet the requirements of permanent availability and reliable supply of electricity. Depending on their state of aggregation, energy carriers are either stored in large masses (if solid or liquid) or at elevated pressures (if gaseous). Both impose the hazard of large-scale fire, in the latter case additionally the danger of explosion or unintended release. Very similar hazards occur for wastes. Solid wastes are present in large masses and only a small part is recycled. Most of the solid wastes are used in energy conversion. The main gaseous waste is CO₂. During capturing also the hazard of unintended release exists. In this article, existing approaches for safe storage and fire prevention are discussed and a generic methodology is outlined. This methodology consists of the following steps:

? gaining knowledge about the behaviour of the material stored (reactivity, thermal stability, etc.),

? assessing the environmental conditions for the storage site (neighbourhood, safety distances, etc.),

? assessment of prospective consequences of an incident and

? development of individual loss prevention conceptions.

All steps require both experimental testing and theoretical considerations about accident scenarios as integral parts of the methodology.     

Flexpatriate assignments: a neglected issue in global staffing

The demands of managing international assignments are major considerations within strategic IHRM theory and most frequently considered within long-term employment choices between parent-country expatriates or host-country nationals. Yet recent studies from the Centre for Research into the Management of Expatriation (CReME) (Harris, ; Petrovic, ) have highlighted the frequency of alternative types of international assignment, which they classify as ‘short-term’, ‘commuter’ and ‘frequent flyer’ assignments, which are now a regular part of global business life. This paper reports on a case study of one Austrian multinational organization and highlights management issues in terms of incidence, purpose, management and personal impact for assignments involving frequent travel without relocation (flexible expatriation) compared with traditional expatriate assignments. It begins by reviewing the emphasis on expatriate assignment before presenting evidence regarding the extent of alternative forms of international assignment. The research method and background to the study are then discussed before the findings are presented and discussed.     

Asset allocation over the life cycle: How much do taxes matter?

We study the welfare effect of tax-optimizing portfolio decisions in a life cycle model with unspanned labor income and realization-based capital gain taxation. For realistic parameterizations of our model, certainty equivalent welfare gains from fully tax-optimized portfolio decisions are less than 2% of present financial wealth and lifetime income compared to a heuristic portfolio policy ignoring the taxation of profits (capital gains, interest and dividend payments). Compared to a heuristic portfolio policy that only ignores the realization-based feature of capital gain taxation and instead assumes mark-to-market taxation, these gains are less than 0.5%. That is, our work provides a justification for ignoring taxes in life cycle portfolio choice problems – a wide-spread assumption in that literature. However, if capital gains are forgiven at death (as in the U.S.), investors with strong bequest motives face substantial welfare costs when not tax-optimizing their portfolio decisions towards the end of the life cycle.     

Comparative Studies in Public Administration and Public Policy

This article offers a conceptual framework and examines a range of cases around the theme of comparative studies in public policy and public administration. It sets the scene for a discussion about issues of comparative analysis in public policy and is aimed at generating debate regarding what comparative analysis can achieve. Finally, it turns our attention to what should be the underlying principles in comparative research and in comparative discourse.     

The Reform of the German Works Constitution Act: A Critical Assessment

Since 1920, the thrust of German law on workplace codetermination has changed on a number of occasions. We describe the latest swing of the legislative pendulum—favoring works council formation and competence—and evaluate the case for it. We provide new information on the extent of works councils before reviewing the evidence on their economic effects, focusing on some new results from matched-plant data. If the former evidence points to a codetermination deficit, this shortfall does not appear to have negative consequences for workplace productivity, profitability, and employment.     

Fixed price equilibria in an overlapping generations model with investment

We study fixed price temporary equilibria (with rationing) and sequences of temporary equilibria in a three commodities (goods, labor, bonds) overlapping generations model with endogenous investment. Young consumers, living two periods, work, consume, and buy bonds for financing next period's consumption. New firms, existing for two periods, make a production plan for the next period, taking into account expected rationing, assumed similar to present rationing. The plan determines the amount of goods to buy as capital, financed by bonds. Old firms produce, using labor and the previously bought capital. Different regimes exist and expectations can be self-fulfilling and self-destroying.We are grateful to the referees for helpful comments.     

The intelligibility of supplier information

This paper describes a study in which the intelligibility of supplier information was investigated from a consumer viewpoint. A sample of 123 randomly selected subjects were given eight automobile brochures and asked to rate the manufacturer information on four automobile characteristics which are highly important to consumers.In order to measure intelligibility one subjective and one objective indicator were chosen. The subjective rating scores indicate considerable differences among the characteristics. As the ratings of a list of intelligibility items demonstrate, a negative scoring was especially due to a lack of explanation of technical terms and furthermore to the fact that in the subjects' view, much of what was said in the brochures could have been left out. The hit rate, which was taken as an objective indicator of intelligibility, shows that on average for all subjects and topics under consideration nearly half of the information actually given in the brochures was not made use of as it could not be identified as relevant.This unduly high amount of wasted information can be reduced only when the suppliers of information become aware of — and take into account — the readers' dissatisfaction with unnecessary information.

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Die Verständlichkeit von Anbieterinformationen

Zusammenfassung Der Erfolg jeder Art von Kommunikation hängt von verschiedenen Faktoren, darunter nicht nur von Inhalt, sondern auch von der Präsentation der ausgesandten Information ab. Der Informationsempfänger kann die an ihn gerichtete Botschaft nur dann entschlüsseln, wenn sie für ihn verständlich abgefaßt ist, umgekehrt muß der Informationssender den Kriterien der Verständlichkeit von vornherein Rechnung tragen, wenn seine Information den gewünschten Zweck überhaupt erreichen soll. Die vorgelegte Studie hat zum Ziel, die Verständlichkeit gegebener Anbieterinformationen aus der Sicht der Konsumenten zu überprüfen und daraus Vorschläge für eine verständlichkeitsfördernde Aufbereitung der Informationen abzuleiten.Im Mittelpunkt des empirischen Vorgehens standen Anbieterinformationen, die in Prospekten enthalten sind. Beispielhaft wurde getestet, ob Herstellerinformationen in Automobilprospekten von den Prospektnutzern herausgefunden und entscheidungsbezogen umgesetzt werden können, und ob diese Informationen von den Konsumenten als verständlich bewertet werden. Im Rahmen einer schriftlichen Befragung wurde 123 zufällig ausgewählten Personen mit Führerschein eine Stichprobe von 8 Automobilprospekten zur Durchsicht nach 4 vorgegebenen Themenbereichen vorgelegt. Bei der Auswertung wurden ein subjektiver und ein objektiver Verständlichkeitsindikator unterschieden.Das subjektive Urteil der Befragten signalisiert erhebliche Unterschiede im Grad der Verständlichkeit der Informationen zwischen den einzelnen Bereichen. Die zusätzliche Bewertung einer Liste von 10 bipolaren Verständlichkeitsmerkmalen zeigte, daß wesentliche Gründe für negative Urteile der Befragten darin liegen, daß einerseits Fachwörter in den Prospekten nicht erklärt, andererseits viel überflüssige Worte gemacht werden. Die Findequote als objektives Maß für Verständlichkeit wies aus, daß im Durchschnitt über alle Befragten und Themenbereiche nahezu 50% der in den Prospekten tatsächlich enthaltenen Informationen von den Befragten nicht herausgefunden werden konnten. Dieses unerwartet hohe Ausmaß an fehlangebotenen, weil nicht genutzten Informationen könnte dann reduziert werden, wenn die Informationsanbieter ihre Botschaften verstärkt anwendungsbezogen, den Kognitionen der Verbraucher entsprechend aufbereiteten und durch Streichung von überflüssigen Zusätzen verdichteten.

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Ingrid Gottschalk and Iris Schneider are Research Associates at the University of Hohenheim, Institute 530, P.O. Box 700562, D-7000 Stuttgart 70, FRG.     

The choice between a tariff and a quota under uncertainty

Conclusions The results concerning the choice between a tariff and a quota under the assumption of perfect competition and three kinds of uncertainty are summarized in the table. An analysis of the uncertainty, under which a government using a tariff or a quota can determine the value of imports or the quantity domestically supplied (i.e. employment), gives neither the same result for the two instruments (equivalence) nor the same result for the three situations considered. Therefore the choice between a tariff and a quota in case of uncertainty depends on the purpose, and whether the initial uncertainty concerns domestic demand, foreign or domestic supply. This conclusion corresponds to the well-known phenomenon that in case of a disturbance to an open economy the choice between a change in the rate of exchange and a change in the demand policy depends both on the goal and on the kind of disturbance.