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61.
62.
S. Prakash Sethi David B. Lowry Emre A. Veral H. Jack Shapiro Olga Emelianova 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,103(1):1-30
Environmental degradation and extractive industry are inextricably linked, and the industry’s adverse impact on air, water,
and ground resources has been exacerbated with increased demand for raw materials and their location in some of the more environmentally
fragile areas of the world. Historically, companies have managed to control calls for regulation and improved, i.e., more
expensive, mining technologies by (a) their importance in economic growth and job creation or (b) through adroit use of their
economic power and bargaining leverage against weak national governments, regional and international regulatory bodies. More
recently, the industry has had to contend with another set of challenges that involved treatment of indigenous people and
their traditional land rights, fair treatment of workers, human rights abuses, and bribery and corruption involving local
officials and political leaders. These challenges currently fall outside the traditional areas of regulation and control.
Nevertheless, they pose serious threat to the industry’s business practices because of their global scope, threat to company’s
reputation, and long-term risks of political instability leading to increasing cost of capital. Industry has responded to
these challenges by creating voluntary codes of conduct that would signify their intent to comply with higher standards of
conduct, and assuage public opinion that no further action is called for. These codes, however, lack any monitoring mechanism
and reporting integrity to assure the public that the industry members are indeed meeting their commitments. Consequently,
pressure on the industry continues unabated and with ever increasing calls for mandatory regulation and oversight. This article
examines the activities of one mining company, Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold, Inc., which has taken a radically different
approach in responding to these challenges at its mining operations in West Papua, Indonesia. While cooperating with industry-based
efforts of voluntary codes of conduct, Freeport also initiated a radically different response through its own voluntary code
that would directly focus on issues of human rights, treatment of indigenous people on whose traditional land its mine was
located; economic development and job creation and, improvements in health, education, and housing facilities, to name a few.
Additionally, the company earmarked large sums of money and involved representatives of the indigenous people in their management
and disbursement. The company took an even more radical action when it committed itself to independent external audits of
the company’s compliance with the code, and that these findings and company’s responses would be made public without prior
censorship by the company. We analyze the nature of corporate culture, vision and risk-taking propensities of its management
that would impel the company to embark on a high risk strategy whose outcomes could not be predicted with any degree of certainty
before the fact. The parent company also had to confront discontent among the management ranks at the mine site because of
cultural differences and management styles of expatriates and local (Indonesian) managers. Finally, we discuss in some detail
the extensive and intensive character of a two phase audit conducted by the outside monitors, their findings, and the process
by which they were implemented and reported to general public. We also evaluate the strengths and challenges posed by such
audits, their importance to the company’s future, and how such projects might be undertaken by other companies. 相似文献
63.
This paper uses three panel unit-root tests and finds that real per capita GDP for OECD countries and a European subsample converge stochastically for the period 1948–87 but not for the entire sample of 1900–87. For the postwar period, the differential in income gaps or speed of adjustment is eliminated at an annual rate of 4–8% for OECD economies, and 6–9% for European economies. 相似文献
64.
Several countries have adopted legally separated share markets (LSSM), where local firms market separate claims to the same dividend flow to domestic and foreign investors who cannot arbitrage across LSSM. We designed a laboratory experiment to test whether the inside information in one LSSM is reflected in the prices of both markets. We find that insider information does transfer across markets. The extent of this transfer depends upon whether the location of insiders is publicly known, how close prices in the informed market get to the full information equilibrium, and how much the price variance is in this market. We also observe insiders' behavior and performance under different market conditions. Efforts by insiders to manipulate the market increase when their location is unknown to the public. On average such efforts pay off to the whole group of insiders but not to the initiator of these manipulative transactions. 相似文献
65.
Jack Hirshleifer 《Economics & Politics》1991,3(3):177-200
In power struggles, the strong might be expected to grow ever stronger and the weak weaker still. But in actuality, poorer or smaller combatants often end up improving their position relative to richer or larger ones. This is the paradox of power. The explanation is that initially poorer contenders are rationally motivated to fight harder, to invest relatively more in conflictual activity. Only when the decisiveness of conflict is sufficiently high does the richer side gain relatively in terms of achieved income. Among other things, the paradox of power explains political redistributions of income from the rich to the poor. 相似文献
66.
Seasonal variability is an important source of risk faced by farmers and, regardless of an individual's attitude to risk, there are options to tactically adjust production strategies as the outcomes of risk become known. The objective of this article is to measure the economic benefits of alternative approaches to managing weeds, one of the most serious production problems in Australian cropping systems. A bioeconomic model that combines weed biology, crop growth and economics is developed to value the effects of seasonal variability and the role of tactical responses and sequential decision making in determining an optimal integrated weed management strategy. This shows that there are substantial differences in the measured long‐term benefits from deterministic and stochastic simulations. It is concluded that, for research evaluation of technologies that involve complex biological and dynamic systems, ignoring the impacts of seasonal variability, responses to risk and sequential decision making can lead to an incorrect estimate of the economic benefits of a technology. In this case study of optimal weed management strategies in Australia, the size of the error is high. 相似文献
67.
African agricultural production is modeled as a sequential decision process, with men's labor first allotted to clearing, then women's labor allotted to harvesting. A switching regression is then used to measure the constraints due to clearing labor capacity and harvesting labor capacity. The import of men's clearing labor depends on the valuation of shadow wages. Output appears to be more frequently constrained by husband's clearing labor, and in this situation male labor appears under‐utilized. However, output is also significantly constrained by female harvest labor, although the findings imply that female labor is over‐utilized at this stage. 相似文献
68.
We examine the usefulness and credibility of analyst recommendations by focusing on their behavior surrounding tender offer announcements. For our 1998–2001 sample, we find analysts did not identify takeover targets through their recommendations nor did they distinguish between wealth‐increasing and wealth‐decreasing tender offers. We find some evidence of conflicts of interest in analyst recommendations, but it is confined to the 1999–2000 dot‐com period. However, the long‐run performance following recommendations suggests that these conflicts have little ultimate cost to investors. 相似文献
69.
Jack J. Vromen 《Journal of Bioeconomics》2007,9(2):145-167
Synopsis Neuroeconomics rightly has been claimed to be a natural extension of bioeconomics. One of the things bioeconomics investigates
is what behavioral dispositions and what behavioral patterns evolutionary processes have produced. Neuroeconomics extends
this to the study of evolved mechanisms that are at work in decision-making at the neural level of the brain. The paper argues
that in another respect neuroeconomics and bioeconomics are discontinuous, however. Bioeconomics maintains that the applicability
of standard economic theory’s constrained maximization framework is not confined to human behavior. The constrained maximization
framework is believed to be suitable to describe behavior throughout the animal kingdom. By contrast, despite some minor internal
disagreements all neuroeconomists seem to agree that human behavior is predicted poorly by standard economic theory in several
social and economic situations. Neuroscience is believed to hold out the hope of an advanced understanding of when and why
this is the case.
相似文献
70.
Two‐part pricing, price‐discrimination, rent creation and extraction, principal–agent theory, and public choice perspectives on public bureaucracies are used to interpret a vendor‐license marketing arrangement and controversy arising out of the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, GA. Containing features predicted by principal–agency theory, Atlanta's arrangement with its marketing agent was a response to the behavior of public bureaucracies and a low cost method of converting visitors' consumer surplus to rent, which could be extracted by the marketing agent and then by Atlanta. Atlanta's incentive to enforce vendor property rights was influenced by the nature of the game between Atlanta and prospective vendors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献