山城旅游形象策划设计研究——以湖北省恩施市为例

本文阐述了山城旅游形象策划设计的现实意义,着重强调了城市旅游形象与城市形象,城市建设一体化三者合力作用对旅游地旅游形象的重要影响。通过对干预恩施市旅游形象要素的分析,运用旅游产品形象设计的相关理论与方法,为建构恩施市的整体旅游形象,打造恩施市的旅游品牌提出了策略建议。     

Growth patterns of the world’s largest firms, 1962–1982

Zusammenfassung Wachstumsmuster der gr?\ten Firmen der Welt zwischen 1962 und 1982. - Mit Hilfen der Gibrat- und Galton-Modelle wird gezeigt, da\ in den beiden Perioden 1962–1972 und 1972–1982 das Wachstum der gr?\ten Unternehmen langsamer war als das kleinerer Unternehmen. Die wirtschaftliche Konzentration innerhalb dieser Gruppe von Unternehmen mit Weltgeltung nahm in jeder Periode vermutlich ab. Die kleineren Firmen unter ihnen, die zwischen 1962 und 1972 verh?ltnism?\ig erfolgreich waren, wiederholten diesen Erfolg zwischen 1972 und 1982: “Erfolg erzeugt Erfolg”. Die Nationalit?t der Firmen scheint auf diese Ergebnisse für die Periode 1962–1972 ohne Einflu\ gewesen zu sein. Zwischen 1972 und 1982 dagegen gab es in Deutschland und Japan im Gegensatz zu den USA, Gro\britannien und dem Rest der Welt keine Tendenz der kleineren Firmen, schneller zu wachsen.

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Résumé Structures de croissance des entreprises mondiales les plus grandes, 1962–1982.- En utilisant les modèles de Gibrat et Galton, les auteurs démontrent que la croissance proportioneile des entreprises les plus grandes était plus lente que celle des entreprises plus petites dans les deux périodes 1962–1972 et 1972–1980. La concentration dans ce groupe des grandes entreprises a probablement décr? dans chaque période. Des petites entreprises qui avaient relativement beaucoup de succès en 1962–1972 répétaient la bonne performance en 1972–1982: “succès produit de succès”. La nationalité de l’entreprise ne semble pas avoir influencé ces résultats en 1962–1972. Mais pour la période 1972–1982, l’Allemagne et le Japon différaient des Etats Unis, du R.U. et du reste du monde en manière que les entreprises les plus petites n’accroissent pas plus vite.

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Resumen Pautas de crecimiento de las empresas más importantes, 1962–1982. — Utilizando los modelos de Gibrat y de Galton se demuestra que las empresas más grandes han crecido más lentamente que las empresas peque?as en los períodos 1962–1972 y 1972–1982. La concentración de empresas importantes probablemente disminuyó en cada período. Las empresas peque?as con éxito relativo en 1962–1972 pudieron repetir su éxito en 1972–1982: el éxito genera éxito. La nacionalidad de las empresas parece no haber tenido efecto sobre los resultados para 1962–1972. Pero en 1972–1982, Alemania y el Japón se diferenciaron de los EEUU, el Reino Unido y el resto del mundo al carecer de una tendencia favorable para la peque?a empresa.

     

Values,beliefs, and welfare recipiency: Is there a connection?

Relationships between values/beliefs and welfare recipiency and work attachment are examined using a sample of black and white women. The concept of self-efficacy, i.e. perceived ability to produce and regulate events is used to model paths of influence between values/ beliefs and observable behaviors. No racial differences are found in the determinants of current labor force status and previous work history. Race is also found to have no significant impact on the probability of receiving public assistance. The explanatory power of measures of self-efficacy is found to be minimal with respect to receipt of public assistance or the duration of receipt of assistance.     

The "Sect Effect" in Charitable Giving: Distinctive Realities of Exclusively Religious Charitable Givers

A bstract .   An examination of the charitable giving behavior of 16,442 households reveals intriguing patterns consistent with the club-theoretic approach to religious sect affiliation. The club-theoretic model suggests that individuals with lower socioeconomic standing will rationally be more likely to align themselves with exclusivistic sects. Because sect affiliation is also associated with more obligatory religious contributions, this approach generates novel predictions not anticipated by standard economic models of charitable behavior. Traditional analysis of charitable giving can mask the "sect effect" phenomenon, as low-income giving is dwarfed by the giving of the wealthy. However, the application of a two-stage econometric model—separating the participation decision from the subsequent decision regarding the level of gifting—provides unique insights. Basic socioeconomic factors have significant and opposite associations with different categories of giving, calling into question the treatment of charitable giving as a homogenous activity and supporting the understanding of sect affiliation, and potentially religious extremism, as rational choice phenomena.     

Developing countries and the future of the automobile industry

This paper reassesses the controversial view which has assumed that, at some point in the future, the global automobile industry, having reached maturity, would naturally migrate to the leading developing countries where the markets are growing more rapidly and wages are substantially lower. The authors argue that the threshold facing a developing country seeking to establish a domestic automobile industry has risen because of two recent developments: the rise of Japan as a major automobile producer; and a new wave of technological and organizational innovation. This involves use of state-of-the-art microelectronics and flexible manufacturing system, as well as complete restructing of component supply resulting in considerable unit cost and lead-time advantages.The authors look at what these trends mean for both the OECD and the developing countries. They outline the conventional view in more detail and then present an alternative analysis of the evolution of the industry. New policy options for the developing countries are spotlighted.     

多国行业品牌危机与我国企业的机遇

国际竞争因行业不同而表现为不同的竞争类型,包括全球市场竞争、多国市场竞争、大宗贸易市场竞争以及纯国内市场竞争.然而随着新经济的出现,各种国际竞争类型出现一些新特点,其中最明显的是多国行业.传统多国行业面临着品牌危机,而这正是我国企业的发展契机.     

Contracting With Wealth-Constrained Agents

We examine how a project owner optimally selects a project operator and motivates him to deliver an essential noncontractible input (e.g., effort) when potential operators are privately informed about their limited wealth. Truthful revelation of wealth is induced by promising a higher probability of operation and, if necessary, a greater share of realized profit the larger the nonrefundable bond that a potential operator posts. The project owner benefits when total wealth is widely dispersed among potential operators. Under plausible conditions, limited knowledge of wealth is not constraining for the project owner.