排序方式: 共有33条查询结果,搜索用时 421 毫秒
21.
Jerzy J. Kropiwnicki 《International Advances in Economic Research》1998,4(2):144-163
The systematic transformation in Poland began with enormous expectations of the people concerning results of the re-establishment of the market economy and economic freedom. Four and a half years after the start of reform, overwhelming popular disillusionment and frustrations have caused the spectacular comeback of the post-Communists. Some of the frustrations have been rooted in the radical changes in income distribution and the growth of poverty. An even more important factor than changes in wages and other income distribution has been changes in the relative position of different professions, sectors of economic activity, and industries and regions. 相似文献
22.
Rafal Balina Olaf Kowalski Jerzy Rozynski 《中国经济评论(英文版)》2014,(3):154-161
Today cooperative banks belong to the most significant financial institution in the world. Moreover, they can compete with commercial banks. The own funds of the cooperative bank are important in their activity. The main goal of this paper is to investigate how much the level of the own funds of the Polish cooperative banks influenced their efficiency. The research pertained to operating cooperative banks in Poland. The following measures of the efficiency were used in the research: return on Equity (ROE), net profit, index C/I, and financial margin. The results of the study indicate that banks from the Quartile III (highest aggregate own funds), had the highest net profits, the highest ROE, the lowest C/I value, the lowest ROE, and the lowest financial markups. On this basis, it remains to be recommended that banks of highest aggregate own funds continue expansion of own funds which will increase lending capacity and subsequently contribute to higher effectiveness. 相似文献
23.
24.
Jerzy Pusz 《Metrika》1993,40(1):237-242
Summary Products of independent random variables with different shifts are considered. The binomial and negative binomial populations
are characterized by proportionality of regressions of these products with respect to residuals. 相似文献
25.
Jerzy Dietl 《International Journal of Research in Marketing》1984,1(2):117-125
The article is an analysis of the moral consequences of permanent and major shortages in supply for producers, distributors, and especially consumers. The analysis is based on the author's long experience, obtained in Poland during observations and studies of the behaviour of economic units and consumers. The conclusions presented can be generally applied to centrally planned economies. Similar studies are lacking in countries characterized by an `economics of shortage'. Immoral behaviour is reflected in the negligence of the socially accepted system of values and moral norms. In ‘economics of shortage’ this system has been largely destroyed, making moral evaluation of behaviour rather difficult. The seller's market puts society in a situation characterized by a conflict between the law and moral norms; it restricts distributive justice; makes it easier to infringe upon somebody's property; induces fraudulent activities to the detriment of the consumer; restricts the individual's freedom and the consumer's sovereignty; dehumanizes the consumption process; violates human dignity; carries a threat for family life and generates interhuman conflicts. Decisions concerning production and products do not make sufficient allowances for the needs of end users in the sphere of quality, assortment, information transmitted to consumers, and new product development. There exist, in parallel, different systems of allocation of goods and services: administrative allotment, government-controlled outlets, grey and black markets. The purchase of a product itself stretches in time and involves considerable obstacles. The consumer is forced to continue searching and queuing, compulsory substitution, compulsory spending of money and compulsory savings. All this paves the way for unethical behaviour of both sellers and consumers. Among consumers there can be seen symptoms of alienation from the market. 相似文献
26.
The paper provides a novel (and old) argument for the nonequivalence of tariffs and quotas, based on the famous paper by Hotelling published in 1931. Unlike tariffs, quantitative restrictions are inherently dynamic. As long as the foreign exporter earns positive marginal profits, he raises their present value by frontloading sales. As a result, unlike a tariff, equilibrium with a quota exhibits quantity and price dispersion over time. The dispersion may be significant even with small discount rates. 相似文献
27.
The paper raises the importance of identifying future challenges for the cooperative banks of Poland by their management. Recent studies indicate that the managers of cooperative banks are well aware of the need to adapting world trends pertaining to new computer systems which increase bank proficiency as well as client satisfaction. Studies indicate that even though cooperative banks have a local range of activity, they recognize the need to improve customer service. Furthermore, Polish cooperative banks tend to marginalize, to a certain degree, their status as a cooperative and instead advocate a more commercial image. 相似文献
28.
Quality & Quantity - Poland is divided into 380 poviats. However the statistical data on the development of these small regions is available from official statistics, there is no study known to... 相似文献
29.
The completeness of a bond market model with infinite number of sources of randomness on a finite time interval in the Heath–Jarrow–Morton framework is studied. It is proved that the market is not complete. A construction of a bounded contingent claim, which cannot be replicated, is provided. 相似文献
30.
The impact of geographic diversification on export performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Jerzy Cie?lik Eugene Kaciak Dianne H. B. Welsh 《Journal of International Entrepreneurship》2012,10(1):70-93
Two alternative diversification strategies—the geographic diversification of export sales and key market concentration—are
extensively discussed in management, strategy, entrepreneurship, and economics literature. However, no conclusive evidence
currently exists as to how either of these strategies affects the performance of international sales. This paper contributes
to a better understanding of geographic diversification as a key dimension of the internationalization process for small and
medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In it, we analyze a comprehensive database of Polish exporters over a 3-year period to better
understand the geographic diversification patterns of exporters. Based on this analysis, six propositions emerged from the
export patterns examined and two viable strategies for exporting SMEs are identified: (1) concentrating on a single market
and (2) a balanced approach aimed at targeting a small number of key markets, combined with a strategy of penetrating other
markets. Implications for practice and future research are also discussed herein. 相似文献