Money creation and economic activity

Summary In the Netherlands not much attention is paid to money supply figures as an indicator of actual monetary conditions. This can be partly explained by the publication lag and the continuous revisions of seasonally adjusted data. However, the information that can be derived from money supply figures is limited because of temporary disturbances originating from the foreign exchange market. In this paper a correction method for these temporary disturbances is proposed. Money supply figures show a much closer link to real economic activity when corrected in this way.A different version of this essay with less emphasis on Holland but more information about other West-European countries has been published as chapter II Watching the money supply in: Eduard J. Bomhoff,Monetary Uncertainty, Amsterdam and New York, 1983. We gratefully acknowledge the able research assistance of Isolde B. Woittiez and Geert Rouwenhorst; Kempen and Co. kindly provided the two figures.     

审计判断偏误的形成及其防治

在审计实务当中,尽管有正式颁布的《独立审计准则》可供遵循,但仍需要审计人员在审计各阶段、在确定重要的审计目标、确定重要性水平和评估各种审计风险、评价内部控制的有效性、选择实质性的审计程序、评价证据的适当性以及在评价被审计单位是否遵循企业会计准则和会计制度等各环节上,都需要作出审计判断。审计判断的正确与否直接关系着审计结论的正确性和会计信息使用者的正确决策。而审计判断偏误的存在是导致审计判断错误的主要原因之一。因此,研究审计判断偏误的产生机理、形式及其防治就显得十分必要了。 审计判断偏误…